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Stud poker

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Stud poker is a diverse family of card game variants. In these games, players receive a combination of face-down cards and face-up cards. The face-down cards are known as hole cards. This specific term led to the common English expression "ace in the hole," which describes having a hidden advantage. Unlike many other poker games, stud poker is typically non-positional. This means the player who must bet first can change from round to round. Usually, the person whose face-up cards show the strongest hand is the first to act.

The mechanics of stud poker involve several distinct betting rounds. These rounds are often named based on how many cards a player holds at the start of the bet. For instance, the betting round when players hold three cards is called "third street." When players hold five cards, the round is known as "fifth street." The final round of betting is commonly called the "river" or simply the "end." The number of rounds influences how the game interacts with different betting structures. Games with four or fewer rounds, like Mississippi stud, work well with no-limit or pot-limit play. Games with more rounds are better suited for fixed-limit or spread-limit structures.

Betting limits often increase as the game progresses. In a Nevada casino, a "$5/$10 Seven-card Stud" game might allow $5 bets during the first two rounds. Subsequent rounds might increase to $10. Some games even allow a final round to reach $20. Another common rule allows a larger bet on the second round if a player has an "open pair." This occurs when at least one player's face-up cards form a pair. Some casinos, particularly in California, use smaller limits for the first three rounds instead of just two.

Stud poker has a long and varied history. Variants using four cards were popular during the American Revolutionary War. Five-card stud became very popular during the American Civil War. Soldiers on both sides of the conflict played the game frequently. Later, seven-card stud became common in both professional casinos and private home games. Most modern stud poker variations are built upon the foundations of five-card and seven-card stud. These two versions serve as the primary patterns for many other specialized games.

There are many distinct types of stud poker that change how players win. Razz is a variant where the lowest hand wins the pot instead of the highest. High-low stud uses "high-low split" betting. In this version, the pot is divided between the highest hand and the lowest hand. In the "eight-or-better" version, a player needs an 8-high hand or lower to qualify for the low half. If no one qualifies, the high hand takes the entire pot. Another version, called "Q," is played at higher limits and does not require a qualifier for the low half.

Some variants introduce unique deck changes or special card rules. Mexican stud often uses a "stripped deck," where certain cards like 8s, 9s, and 10s are removed. One version adds a single joker to a 41-card deck. In this game, a flush beats a full house because full houses are easier to achieve with fewer ranks. Caribbean Stud Poker is a casino game where players compete against a dealer. This version was developed by David Sklansky and was introduced in Aruba during the 1980s. Other games, like Scandinavian stud, add new hand rankings such as a four-card flush or a four-card straight.

Stud poker also connects to complex social and strategic systems. In the game of Chicago, the high hand splits the pot with the player holding the highest spade in their hole cards. The "Bitch" variant adds complexity by designating the Queen of Spades as the highest-ranking spade. If that card is dealt face-up, players must re-ante and replay the game. Other versions like "Draft" or "socialist poker" involve players choosing cards from the center of the table. These rules change how players value their hands and interact with one another. These many variations show how a single concept can evolve into many different experiences.

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