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Second Vatican Council

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The Second Vatican Council, often called Vatican II, was a major meeting of the Catholic Church. It was the 21st ecumenical council in the history of the Church. An ecumenical council is a gathering of all the world's bishops to discuss important matters of faith. This council was significant because it aimed to modernize the Church. It sought to connect the Church more deeply with the modern, secularized world.

Second Vatican Council by Lothar Wolleh 005 – unframed
Second Vatican Council by Lothar Wolleh 005 – unframed

The council was driven by a process of renewal and updating. Pope John XXIII convened the meeting because he believed the Church needed "aggiornamento." This is an Italian word meaning "updating" or "adapting." He wanted to present Church practices in a way that was more understandable and relevant. He famously spoke about opening the windows of the Church to let in fresh air. He also wanted to shake off the "imperial dust" from the throne of St. Peter.

Ioannes XXIII, by De Agostini, 1958–1963
Ioannes XXIII, by De Agostini, 1958–1963

The council's goals can be viewed in three concentric circles. First, the goal was renewal within the Catholic Church itself. This was described as a "new Pentecost" or a "new Springtime." Second, the goal was to move toward reunion with other Christian families. The Pope wanted to focus on what unites Christians rather than what separates them. Third, the council aimed to help the whole human family. It sought to help resolve global problems like war, hunger, and underdevelopment.

Preparation for the council was a massive, multi-year undertaking. It began with an "ante-preparatory phase" in 1959. During this time, an Antepreparatory Commission consulted the entire Catholic world. They reached out to bishops, Catholic universities, and the Roman Curia. They received 9,438 individual wishes, known as "vota," from 2,049 sources. Following this, a "preparatory period" involved creating "schemas," which are preliminary drafts of documents.

Paulus VI, by Fotografia Felici, 1969
Paulus VI, by Fotografia Felici, 1969

These preparatory commissions were organized by specific areas of responsibility. There were ten main commissions covering topics like theology, liturgy, and missions. For example, the theology commission had nine schemas. The commission for the discipline of clergy and faithful had 17 schemas. Two special secretariats focused on modern communication and Christian unity. A Central Preparatory Commission, consisting of 108 members from 57 countries, oversaw the work. They eventually whittled 70 initial schemas down to 22 final versions.

The council met in sessions of 8 to 12 weeks every autumn from 1962 to 1965. These meetings took place in St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City. The council produced 16 important magisterial documents. These included four major constitutions. The Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation emphasized studying the Bible as the "soul of theology."

Lectio divina
Lectio divina

The Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World focused on peace and the Church's mission. The Constitution on the Church discussed the "universal call to holiness." Finally, the Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy aimed for the "full and active participation" of all people.

Missale Romanum Pustet
Missale Romanum Pustet

One of the most visible changes involved the performance of the Mass. Previously, much of the liturgy was conducted in Latin. The council authorized the use of vernacular languages, which are the everyday languages spoken by local people. This allowed for more direct engagement with the service.

Missa tridentina 002
Missa tridentina 002

Other documents, such as declarations on religious freedom and non-Christian religions, also shaped the Church's direction. These changes moved the Church away from a defensive posture toward the modern world.

The council also addressed long-standing theological tensions. Before the council, some theologians were criticized or even silenced by the Roman Curia. In 1950, Pope Pius XII published an encyclical regarding "false opinions" that threatened Catholic doctrine. This had affected thinkers like Henri de Lubac and Yves Congar. The council provided a space to revisit these ideas, including the "return to the sources" movement. This movement sought to base theology directly on the Bible and the early Church Fathers. By doing so, the council connected historical traditions with the needs of the modern era.

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File:Second Vatican Council by Lothar Wolleh 005 – unframed.jpg
Second Vatican Council by Lothar Wolleh...
File:Ioannes XXIII, by De Agostini, 1958–1963.jpg
Ioannes XXIII, by De Agostini, 1958–1963.jpg
File:Missa tridentina 002.jpg
Missa tridentina 002.jpg
File:Paulus VI, by Fotografia Felici, 1969.jpg
Paulus VI, by Fotografia Felici, 1969.jpg
File:SemanaSantaSevillaAguas2.jpg
SemanaSantaSevillaAguas2.jpg
File:Lectio divina.jpg
Lectio divina.jpg
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 121-0320, Krakau, Gefängnis Montelupich, Klosterschwester.jpg
Bundesarchiv Bild 121-0320, Krakau,...
File:Missale Romanum Pustet.jpg
Missale Romanum Pustet.jpg
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