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Samosa

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A samosa is a popular fried pastry containing a savory filling.

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Most versions feature vegetables like spiced potatoes, onions, and peas. Some recipes include cheese such as paneer, meat, or even fish. There are even sweet versions made with chocolate or traditional Indian flavors. This snack is widely enjoyed throughout South Asia and the global Indian diaspora. It is often served hot as a street food known as chaat. Many people enjoy eating them with various fresh chutneys.

To make a samosa, cooks first prepare a dough using all-purpose flour, locally called maida.

A savory filling is placed inside the dough. The pastry is then folded into specific shapes. These shapes can be triangular, cone-shaped, or crescent-shaped depending on the region. The entire pastry is deep-fried in vegetable oil. This process continues until the outside reaches a golden-brown color. This creates a crunchy exterior and a soft interior.

Regional variations of the samosa are very diverse. In the Indian states of Assam, Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, and Jharkhand, they are called singara.

Samosa Names
Samosa Names

These are smaller than standard versions and may contain peanuts or raisins. In Hyderabad, a version called lukhmi features a thicker crust and minced meat. Bangladesh enjoys both flat triangular shapes and full tetrahedron shapes. A Bengali version of the tetrahedron shape is called a shingara. In Nepal, the eastern part calls them shingara, named after the water caltrop plant.

History shows that the samosa has deep roots in the Middle East. The name comes from the Middle Persian word sambosag, meaning "triangular pastry."

Samosa Names
Samosa Names

The early ancestors of the samosa were often baked rather than deep-fried. An Arab poet named Ishaq al-Mawsili praised a similar food called the sanbusaj. Recipes for these precursors appear in Arabic cookery books from the 10th to 13th centuries. In Iran, the dish was popular until the 16th century. By the 20th century, it was mostly found in specific provinces like Larestan.

Many historical figures recorded the presence of these pastries.

The scholar Amir Khusro wrote around 1300 CE about nobles eating meat and onion samosas. The traveler Ibn Battuta described a small meat pie called samushak at a royal court. In the 16th century, the Mughal document Ain-i-Akbari described a recipe called qottab. This recipe used 10 parts meat and 4 parts flour. It also required 2 parts ghee and 1 part onions. The document noted that this recipe could be cooked in 20 different ways.

Samosas have traveled to many different cultures around the world. In Central Asia, the samsa is often baked in a tandoor oven.

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In the Maldives, they are called kalas and often contain tuna. In Burma, they are used in a salad called samuza thoke. This salad includes samosa pieces, cabbage, mint, and chickpea curry broth. In East Africa, they are known as sambuus or samoussas. In Nigeria, they are served as "small chops" at parties. They are often eaten alongside puff puff and plantains.

Different religious and cultural traditions maintain unique styles.

Samosa Names
Samosa Names

In the Middle East, sambousek is very popular during the month of Ramadan. Sephardi Jewish versions are often thicker and baked with sesame seeds. In contrast, Mizrahi sambusak is thinner, larger, and fried. In South Africa, some people use the dough to make farmaas puri. This is a flatbread made of rolled dough sheets and minced meat. These traditions show how one food can adapt to many different tastes.

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