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Samguk sagi

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The Samguk sagi is a vital historical chronicle of Korea. It records the history of the Three Kingdoms period. These kingdoms were named Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. It is the oldest surviving history book of Korea. This text is essential for understanding ancient Korean society. It provides details about the Three Kingdoms and the Unified Silla period. Without this work, much of this era would be a mystery.

This massive project was completed in the year 1145. King Injong of Goryeo ordered its creation. Goryeo was the kingdom ruling Korea at that time. A government official named Kim Busik led the work. He worked with a team of junior scholars. They wrote the text using Classical Chinese. This was the formal language used by educated people in ancient Korea. They aimed to create a complete record for the future.

Kim Busik had specific reasons for writing this history. He felt that many scholars were ignorant of Korean history. They knew about Chinese philosophy and ancient Chinese history. However, they did not know the events of their own country. Kim Busik described this lack of knowledge as lamentable. He wanted to fix this gap in learning. The book was meant to provide a clear record of Korean identity. It served both ideological and political purposes for the Goryeo state.

To write the book, the team used many different sources. They relied on a work called the Gu Samguksa, or Old History of the Three Kingdoms. They also used the Hwarang Segi, which are the Annals of Hwarang. Most of these older records are now lost to time. Kim Busik also used many Chinese dynastic chronicles. These included the Records of the Three Kingdoms and the Book of Wei. He even used the Old Book of Tang and the New Book of Tang. Interestingly, he did not use Japanese chronicles like the Kojiki.

The Samguk sagi is organized into 50 distinct books. Originally, these were written on individual scrolls. The work is divided into several major sections. The first section contains the Silla records, which cover 12 scrolls. The second section contains 10 scrolls for Goguryeo. The third section contains 6 scrolls for Baekje. These sections follow the lineages of the various kings. They allow readers to trace the history of each kingdom separately.

Other parts of the text focus on specific topics. There are three scrolls of chronological tables called Yeonpyo. Nine scrolls are monographs, also known as Ji. These monographs cover topics like music, rites, and geography. They even describe clothing and dwellings. This provides a look at daily life in ancient times. There are also 10 scrolls of biographies, or Yeoljeon. These tell the stories of famous individuals. These include leaders like Kim Yusin and warriors like Eulji Mundeok.

The book contains highly specific and technical information. Books 35 and 36 contain translation tables. These tables help scholars reconstruct the ancient Goguryeo language. This is a very rare type of linguistic data. The work also includes detailed geography of Silla and its former territories. It covers the lands once held by Goguryeo and Baekje. This helps historians map the changing borders of the ancient kingdoms. The level of detail makes it a unique academic resource.

Today, the Samguk sagi remains a cornerstone of Korean studies. The National Institute of Korean History has digitized the entire work. It is available online for anyone to study. The digital version includes a translation in Modern Korean using Hangul. This makes the ancient text accessible to many people. Scholars continue to use it to understand the roots of Korea. It connects the ancient Three Kingdoms to the modern world.

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