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Onjo of Paekche

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Onjo was the founding monarch of Paekche, a major kingdom in ancient Korea. He established a royal dynasty that would endure for many centuries. His leadership helped transform a group of followers into a powerful state. Paekche became one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.

This kingdom played a central role in the history of the Korean peninsula.

There are several different theories regarding Onjo's family history. One legend states he was the third son of King Dongmyeong. King Dongmyeong was the founder of the northern kingdom of Goguryeo. In this version, Onjo had two brothers named Yuri and Biryu. Another theory suggests Onjo was the son of a man named Wutae. A third legend claims Biryu was the son of Wutae, but Onjo was born after his mother married King Dongmyeong.

Onjo and his brother Biryu eventually moved south to find new lands. They left Goguryeo because they feared they would not be treated well by the heir, Yuri. They traveled with many commoners and several ministers. Biryu chose to settle in a place called Michuhol. However, the land in Michuhol was wet and the rivers were salty. This made it difficult for the people to live securely. After Biryu died, his followers joined Onjo's people. Onjo then renamed his state Paekche.

Protecting the kingdom required constant military action. The Malgal tribes attacked from the north in 13 BC and again in 8 BC. Onjo personally led his armies during these invasions and won both battles. To increase safety, Onjo moved the capital in 5 BC. He relocated it to a defensible spot south of the Han River. He named this new capital Hanam Wiryeseong. This move helped protect the people from neighbors like the Malgal to the north and Nangnang to the east.

Onjo also worked to expand his territory through strategic planning. In 8 AD, he launched a campaign to conquer the Mahan confederacy. He used a clever tactic to hide his intentions. He told others he was going to hunt in the forests. In reality, he was secretly moving his armies across the border. This allowed him to conquer almost all of Mahan, except for two fortresses. The people in those last two fortresses surrendered to him.

Onjo showed mercy to the people he conquered. The King of Mahan had committed suicide and left a letter. The letter asked Onjo to treat the Mahan people with kindness. Onjo respected this request and took the people into his kingdom. Even during times of unrest, Onjo remained a strong leader. In 16 AD, a former Mahan general started a rebellion. Onjo led an army of 5,000 soldiers to destroy the uprising. He also defeated another Malgal invasion in 22 AD.

Onjo's reign lasted for 46 years. He died of natural causes in 28 AD. His eldest son, Daru, succeeded him as the next ruler. Onjo's work created a massive historical legacy. The dynasty he started lasted for 678 years. During that long time, there were 31 different rulers in the royal line. His early decisions shaped the political landscape of ancient Korea for generations.

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