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Sallust

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Gaius Sallustius Crispus, known as Sallust, was a significant historian and politician. He lived during the Roman Republic. He is recognized as the earliest known Roman historian to have surviving works in the Latin language. Sallust was not part of the highest ruling class of Rome. He came from a provincial noble family of Sabine origin. His family belonged to the equestrian order. This group held full Roman citizenship but lacked the same status as the top leaders.

Medaglione contorniato di sallustio con busto
Medaglione contorniato di sallustio con busto

Historians debate the exact details of his early life. Most scholars date his birth to approximately 86 BC. Some suggest he was born in Amiternum in Central Italy. Others believe he may have been born in Rome. During the Social War, his parents had to hide in Rome for safety. This happened because Amiternum was under siege by rebelling Italic tribes. Because of this, Sallust likely received a high-quality education in the city of Rome.

Laquila Piazza Palazzo Monumento Gaio Sallustio Crispo0001
Laquila Piazza Palazzo Monumento Gaio Sallustio Crispo0001

Sallust's political career was marked by intense activity and controversy. He served as a military tribune in the 60s BC. In 52 BC, he held the position of plebeian tribune. During this year, he supported the prosecution of a man named Milo. He also used street demonstrations to pressure the famous orator Cicero. In 50 BC, he was expelled from the senate by Appius Claudius Pulcher. This expulsion was officially for immorality, but it may have been due to his political opposition. After this, he became a devoted partisan of Julius Caesar.

During the civil war between 49 and 45 BC, Sallust served Caesar in various roles. He was moved to Illyricum in 49 BC and likely commanded a legion there. In 47 BC, he served as a praetor designatus. He was sent to persuade rebellious soldiers to stop fighting near Rome. He narrowly escaped death when other senators were killed during this event. Later, in 46 BC, he accompanied Caesar on the African campaign. He did not lead battles, but he managed ships and organized supplies through the Kerkennah Islands.

Caesar rewarded Sallust by appointing him the proconsular governor of Africa Nova. This occurred around 46 to 44 BC. Although he was not a skilled general, he was excellent at logistics. He successfully managed the transportation of vital supplies. However, his time in Africa was also defined by greed. He amassed great wealth through corruption and extortion. When he returned to Rome, he faced serious legal charges. Only the direct influence of Julius Caesar prevented him from being convicted.

Piranesi-10047
Piranesi-10047

Sallust eventually retired from politics to focus on his historical writing. He spent much of his wealth on the famous Gardens of Sallust on the Quirinal hill. His history books were driven by a deep bitterness toward the Roman elite. He wrote about the political and moral decline of his country. He believed that Rome's immense power caused this decay. He argued that the influx of wealth from conquests destroyed Roman virtue. His style was heavily influenced by the Greek historian Thucydides.

Piranesi-10047
Piranesi-10047

Several of his major works have survived to the modern era. His monograph on the Catiline conspiracy details an attempt to overthrow the Republic in 63 BC. In this work, he depicts Catiline as a foe of law and order. He also wrote "The Jugurthine War," which covers a conflict in Numidia from 112 to 106 BC. This book explores the rising rivalry between the leaders Marius and Sulla. Finally, he wrote a massive work called "Histories" covering events from 78 to 67 BC. Only small fragments of this large work remain today.

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File:Piranesi-10047.jpg
Piranesi-10047.jpg
File:Houghton MS Richardson 17 - Sallust manuscript, ca. 1490, f51.jpg
Houghton MS Richardson 17 - Sallust...
File:Medaglione contorniato di sallustio con busto.JPG
Medaglione contorniato di sallustio con busto.JPG
File:Laquila Piazza Palazzo Monumento Gaio Sallustio Crispo0001.jpg
Laquila Piazza Palazzo Monumento Gaio...
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