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Cato the Elder

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Marcus Porcius Cato was a prominent Roman soldier, senator, and historian.

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roman.forum.&.arch.of.septimius.rome.arp

He lived from 234 BC to 149 BC. He is often called Cato the Elder to distinguish him from his great-grandson. He was also known as Cato the Censor because of his work in that office. Cato was a man of deep conservatism. He strongly opposed Hellenization, which was the spread of Greek culture in Rome. He believed Rome should stick to its traditional, simple roots.

Cato's name itself carries meaning. The word "Cato" comes from the Latin word *catus*. This term indicates common sense gained from natural wisdom and experience. Some people also called him Sapiens, which means "the Wise."

Tuscolo1
Tuscolo1

He was born in the municipal town of Tusculum. His family, the Porcia gens, was a plebeian family known for military service. Although his ancestors were brave, they had not held high Roman offices. Cato became a *novus homo*, or "new man," because he was the first in his family to reach the highest levels of government.

Cato's early life was shaped by the land. After his father died, he managed a small farm in Sabine territory. He learned about the rural economy and business there. He lived a very simple life, dressing like a laborer. He admired the character of Manius Curius Dentatus. Dentatus was a man known for his rigid, simple character. Cato tried to imitate this austerity. This lifestyle helped him develop his skills as an orator.

Rustici latini volgarizzati
Rustici latini volgarizzati

He practiced speaking by acting as an arbitrator for local disputes.

War changed the course of his life. The Second Punic War began in 218 BC when Hannibal Barca attacked Rome's allies.

Heinrich Leutemann - Hannibals Übergang über die Alpen (cropped)
Heinrich Leutemann - Hannibals Übergang über die Alpen (cropped)

Cato served in various military roles during this conflict. In 214 BC, he was a military tribune at Capua. Later, he participated in the Battle of the Metaurus. This was a decisive victory where Hasdrubal Barca was killed. During his military service, Cato became famous for his powerful speeches. He famously ended many of them by saying "Carthago delenda est," meaning "Carthage must be destroyed."

Cato rose through the Roman political ladder step by step. He served as a quaestor in 204 BC. During this time, he worked with Scipio Africanus in Sicily. Cato disagreed with Scipio over military expenses and discipline. He returned to Rome to report these concerns to the Senate. He later served as an aedile in 199 BC. In 198 BC, he was elected praetor. As praetor, he governed Sardinia with 3,000 infantry and 200 cavalry. He used this position to expel usurers, or moneylenders, from the island.

His political career reached its peak with the consulship in 195 BC.

Hispania 1a division provincial
Hispania 1a division provincial

In 184 BC, he was elected censor. The censor was an official responsible for supervising public morality. Cato used this role to fight against Greek influences. He wanted to protect ancestral Roman customs from luxury. He believed that the new wealth and Greek arts were corrupting Rome. He stood with other conservatives to defend old-fashioned Roman integrity.

Cato was also a pioneer in Latin literature. He was the first person to write history in the Latin language. He wrote a work called *Origines* about the history of Rome. Although it is now fragmentary, it was a major achievement. He also wrote *De agri cultura*. This was a treatise on agriculture, rituals, and recipes. It is the oldest surviving prose written in Latin. His writings helped preserve the practical knowledge of the Roman people. His legacy remains a study of the tension between tradition and change.

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