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Sacredness

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The concept of sacredness describes things that are set apart for special purposes. These things are often dedicated to the service or worship of a deity.

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To be sacred is to be worthy of spiritual respect or devotion. This quality can belong to objects, such as a blessed artifact, or to specific places, like sacred ground. The word itself comes from the Latin term *sacer*. This term refers to things that are consecrated, dedicated, or purified for the gods. It is a way to distinguish certain elements from the ordinary world.

While the terms "sacred" and "holy" are often used interchangeably, they carry subtle differences. In Christian traditions, "holiness" is usually applied to people and their relationships. In contrast, "sacredness" often relates to objects, places, or specific happenings. For example, a saint might be described as holy, but not necessarily sacred. However, some things can be both, such as the Holy Bible. The word "holy" is often considered a stronger term. It implies an inherent or essential character. The English word "holy" comes from the Proto-Germanic word *hailagaz*, which meant "whole," "sound," or "complete."

Many religions use specific processes to move things into the sacred sphere. These processes include terms like hallow, sanctify, and consecrate. In Judaism, the Book of Exodus details how priests and objects are consecrated. This process involves washing, vesting, anointing, and sacrifice.

High Priest Offering Sacrifice of a Goat
High Priest Offering Sacrifice of a Goat

Once an altar is sanctified, anything touching it becomes consecrated and unsuitable for ordinary use. In Islam, sanctification is often linked to *tazkiah*, which involves purification. Other related terms include *Ihsan*, meaning beautification, and *Ikhlas*, meaning purity. Buddhism uses rituals called *Buddhābhiseka* to ceremonially consecrate images of the Buddha.

Different traditions also have unique ways of expressing these ideas through time and devotion. In Hinduism, South Indian temples often undergo a ceremony called *Kumbhabhishekam*. This consecration happens once every 12 years to renew or purify the temple. It is believed that witnessing this event provides a good soul with a thousand *punya*, or good karma. Jainism holds a ceremony called *Panch Kalyanaka Pratishtha Mahotsava*. This celebrates five auspicious events and consecrates Jain Tirthankara icons. These ceremonies must be supervised by an authorized religious authority, such as an *Acharya*.

Some belief systems focus on the internal sanctification of the individual. Mormonism emphasizes a doctrine of consecration. This involves the responsibility of individuals to accept the will of Jesus for their lives. The Book of Mormon teaches that sanctification comes through yielding one's heart to God. In many branches of Christianity, sanctification refers to the process of a person becoming holy. This is distinct from consecration, which might involve setting apart a building or an object for God. Some denominations even practice "deconsecration" to return a building to secular use.

People also find the sacred within the natural environment. Many Indian-origin religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, revere ecology. They treat elements like rivers, trees, forests, and mountains as sacred.

High Priest Offering Sacrifice of a Goat
High Priest Offering Sacrifice of a Goat

In Hinduism, rivers such as the Ganges, Yamuna, and Sarasvati are among the most sacred. Ancient Roman religion also utilized sacredness for protection. When founding a new city, Romans performed rituals to make the city walls ritually sacred. This was intended to provide a layer of spiritual defense for the inhabitants.

Scholars use various academic lenses to study these concepts. Hierology is the formal study of sacred literature or lore. This term was developed in 2002 by the historian Alexei Lidov. Sociologists like Émile Durkheim have also analyzed the sacred. Durkheim argued that the sacred is a symbolic encounter with society itself. He believed religion is a system of beliefs regarding things set apart and forbidden. He noted that the distinction between the sacred and the profane was not simply a matter of good versus evil. Instead, the sacred represents the interests and unity of a group.

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