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Rural area

geography Maturity 13-18 Next article →

A rural area, often called the countryside, is a geographic region located outside of major towns and cities.

Malham countryside
Malham countryside

These areas are generally characterized by a low population density and small settlements. Many rural landscapes are defined by land-based industries such as agriculture, forestry, and resource extraction. Resource extraction involves taking materials, like minerals, directly from the earth. Because these areas depend so heavily on the land, they experience unique economic and social dynamics. This connection to nature means rural economies can be sensitive to environmental changes.

Rural economies often face specific challenges known as boom and bust cycles. A boom occurs when economic activity is high, but a bust happens when it drops sharply. These cycles are frequently caused by extreme weather or natural disasters. For instance, a drought can devastate farming communities by removing necessary water. These economic pressures contribute to a phenomenon called rural flight. This is when younger people move to cities to find better education and jobs. Consequently, rural areas may be left with older, less wealthy populations. This can lead to slower development of essential services like healthcare and infrastructure. The Food and Agricultural Organization notes that three quarters of the world's impoverished people live in rural areas.

Different nations use various criteria to define what is considered rural. In Canada, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development defines a predominantly rural region by its population. Such a region must have more than 50% of its people living in rural communities. These communities must also have a density of fewer than 150 people per square kilometre. Canada also classifies these areas by their location, such as rural northern regions. These northern regions include all of the Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut. In the United States, the term simply refers to land outside of urban developments.

Mount Shasta (1)
Mount Shasta (1)

In Brazil, the definition of the countryside depends on how a person is speaking. Informally, rural areas are any places outside a municipality's urban buildings and streets. Officially, the "interior" refers to all municipalities outside a state capital's metropolitan region. In the state of Rio de Janeiro, about 70% of the population lives in the Greater Rio area.

Fazenda Itatyba
Fazenda Itatyba

In France, rural areas cover a massive portion of the land. While only 15% of the French population lives in these areas, they cover 90% of the country's territory.

Varengeville-sur-Mer - Footpath leading to La Gorge des Moutiers - View NE
Varengeville-sur-Mer - Footpath leading to La Gorge des Moutiers - View NE

To help these regions, the French government launched the "Agenda Rural" in 2019. This plan focuses on things like energy transition to help revitalize the countryside.

Germany provides a clear example of a highly agricultural rural landscape. More than half of Germany's territory is used for farming. This covers almost 19 million hectares of land. About 10% of the German population works in the agricultural, forest, or fisheries sectors. In India, the scale of rural life is immense, with up to 500,000 villages.

A view of Villages and farms in south Rajasthan India
A view of Villages and farms in south Rajasthan India

In India, a village often includes both the settlement and the surrounding farmland. Many people there earn a living through agriculture, fishing, or pottery. The National Sample Survey Organization defines rural areas by population density and work types. For example, they look for areas with up to 400 people per square kilometre.

In Pakistan, roughly 64% of the population lives in rural areas. Many of these areas are "peri-urban," meaning they are located near cities.

Amra Kalan Village
Amra Kalan Village

In these communities, social status is often tied to owning agricultural land. Many villagers live in homes built from clay, bricks, or mud. Their livelihoods frequently involve rearing livestock, such as goats and cattle. This livestock production is a significant part of Pakistan's gross domestic product. In Japan, the countryside is known by the specific term "Inaka," which means "one's native village."

うへ山の棚田 Rice Terraces of Ueyama in Ojiro, Kami Town in May
うへ山の棚田 Rice Terraces of Ueyama in Ojiro, Kami Town in May

Modern efforts to support rural life focus on sustainable development and economic diversification. Instead of only focusing on mining or logging, leaders now look for ways to build varied economies. Providing better access to electricity and the internet can help these communities grow.

Barossa Valley South Australia
Barossa Valley South Australia

In the United Kingdom, the government uses "green belts" to protect the countryside from urban spread.

Malham countryside
Malham countryside

Academic fields like rural planning and sociology study these areas to understand their unique needs. By studying these dynamics, experts can help create better policies for the people who live far from the city.

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🖼️ Images & Media (9)
File:Barossa Valley South Australia.jpg
Barossa Valley South Australia.jpg
File:うへ山の棚田 Rice Terraces of Ueyama in Ojiro, Kami Town in May.jpg
うへ山の棚田 Rice Terraces of Ueyama in Ojiro,...
File:Rural landscape in Finland.jpg
Rural landscape in Finland.jpg
File:Mount Shasta (1).jpg
Mount Shasta (1).jpg
File:Fazenda Itatyba.jpg
Fazenda Itatyba.jpg
File:Varengeville-sur-Mer - Footpath leading to La Gorge des Moutiers - View NE.jpg
Varengeville-sur-Mer - Footpath leading...
File:Malham countryside.jpg
Malham countryside.jpg
File:A view of Villages and farms in south Rajasthan India.jpg
A view of Villages and farms in south...
File:Amra Kalan Village.JPG
Amra Kalan Village.JPG
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