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Rooibos

life science Maturity 5-7 Next article →

Rooibos is a unique plant belonging to the Fabaceae family.

Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis)PICT2813
Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis)PICT2813

It grows primarily in the Fynbos biome of South Africa. The name "rooibos" comes from the Afrikaans words for "red bush." People use the needle-like leaves to create a caffeine-free herbal infusion. This drink is often called bush tea or red tea in other regions. Today, it is a major global commodity used in many different beverages.

Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis)
Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis)

The production of rooibos involves a specific chemical process called oxidation. During this step, the leaves react with oxygen in the air. This reaction creates the plant's signature reddish-brown color and deep flavor. Some producers create green rooibos instead of the traditional red version. This requires a more difficult and expensive process similar to making green tea. Green rooibos has a malty and grassy taste compared to the red variety.

Greenrooibos
Greenrooibos

Different grades of rooibos are determined by their physical composition. These grades depend on the ratio of leaves and needles to the stems. A higher percentage of leaves produces a darker liquor and a richer flavor. It also results in a less "dusty" aftertaste for the drinker. High-grade rooibos is mostly exported to international markets. Germany is a major consumer, where it is used to create various loose-leaf tea blends.

Frisch aufgebrühter Rooibos
Frisch aufgebrühter Rooibos

The history of rooibos is tied to the people of the Cederberg mountains. Early records from 1772 mention the use of related plants for tea. While archaeological evidence suggests the plant was used thousands of years ago, specific tea traditions are harder to date. Traditionally, locals climbed mountains to harvest wild leaves by hand. They used donkeys to carry bunches of leaves down steep slopes. The leaves were often processed by beating them with heavy wooden hammers on flat rocks.

In 1904, Benjamin Ginsberg became known as the father of the rooibos industry. He conducted experiments at Rondegat Farm to improve how the tea was cured. He used methods inspired by the fermentation of Chinese Keemun tea. However, commercial farming faced a massive hurdle with seed germination. The seeds were extremely hard to grow in large numbers. This led to a shortage of wild plants as demand for the tea grew in the 1920s.

Pieter le Fras Nortier eventually solved the problem of growing rooibos commercially. He discovered that the seeds required a process called scarification. This means the hard outer shell of the seed must be worn down. Nortier used mill stones to grind the seed pod walls. This allowed the tiny seeds to sprout more easily in acidic, sandy soil. Because of this breakthrough, seed prices rose to £80 per pound. This made them the most expensive vegetable seeds in the world at that time.

Resprouters and Reseeders
Resprouters and Reseeders

In the wild, rooibos plants have interesting ways of surviving. They are part of the Fynbos ecoregion, where plants often depend on fire to reproduce. There are two main types of plants in this environment: reseeders and resprouters. Reseeders are killed by fire, but the heat stimulates their seeds to grow. Resprouters survive the fire by growing back from underground structures called lignotubers.

Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis)PICT2813
Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis)PICT2813

Cultivated rooibos plants are typically reseeders because they grow faster.

Chemically, rooibos is a very complex plant. Fresh leaves contain a high amount of ascorbic acid, which is vitamin C. The tea also contains various polyphenols like aspalathin and nothofagin. Unlike black or green tea, rooibos has very low tannin levels. This makes the drink quite different from traditional Camellia sinensis teas. It is often enjoyed as a tisane by steeping it in hot water. People may add milk, lemon, sugar, or honey to the infusion.

Коробка з чаєм ройбуш у пакетах та заварений чай із молоком
Коробка з чаєм ройбуш у пакетах та заварений чай із молоком
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🖼️ Images & Media (7)
File:Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis).jpg
Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis).jpg
File:Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis)PICT2813.JPG
Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis)PICT2813.JPG
File:Greenrooibos.jpg
Greenrooibos.jpg
File:Frisch aufgebrühter Rooibos.jpg
Frisch aufgebrühter Rooibos.jpg
File:Коробка з чаєм ройбуш у пакетах та заварений чай із молоком.jpg
Коробка з чаєм ройбуш у пакетах та...
File:Rooibos-001.jpg
Rooibos-001.jpg
File:Resprouters_and_Reseeders.png
Resprouters_and_Reseeders.png
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