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Rivet

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A rivet is a permanent mechanical fastener used to join pieces of material together.

Rivet01
Rivet01

Before installation, a solid rivet is a smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one end. The end opposite the head is called the tail. Once installed, the deformed tail becomes a second head known as a shop head or buck-tail. Because the finished rivet has a head on both ends, it can support tension loads. However, rivets are even more capable of supporting shear loads. These are forces that act perpendicular to the axis of the rivet shaft.

Complex Riveted Joint A103 379-5667
Complex Riveted Joint A103 379-5667

Installing solid rivets involves several different mechanical processes. One common method uses a pneumatic hammer and a bucking bar. The installer places a rivet gun against the factory head. They hold a bucking bar, which is a specially shaped solid metal block, against the tail. The rivet gun delivers high-impulse forces that upset the tail against the inertia of the bar. For larger or harder rivets, workers might use a squeezing tool. This tool clinches both ends of the rivet to deform it. Another manual method uses a ball-peen hammer and a rivet-set. The rivet head sits in a special hole called a rivet-set while the hammer rolls the buck-tail flush against the material.

Historically, riveting was a highly coordinated team effort.

Photograph of Women Rivet Heaters at Puget Sound Navy Yard, 05-29-1919                 - NARA - 522877
Photograph of Women Rivet Heaters at Puget Sound Navy Yard, 05-29-1919 - NARA - 522877

In large projects, a furnace heated rivets until they were "cherry red." A rivet warmer used tongs to throw the hot rivets to a catcher. The catcher used a leather or wooden bucket to receive them. This catcher then inserted the rivet into the hole. A holder would then press a heavy bucking bar against the factory head. Finally, a riveter, sometimes called a "basher," used a hammer to mushroom the tail into a shop head. This process was vital for massive structures like the RMS Titanic.

There are three main categories of rivets used in engineering.

Strivet333
Strivet333

Solid rivets consist of a simple shaft and head. These are used in high-safety applications like aircraft frames. Modern planes may use hundreds of thousands of solid rivets made from aluminum alloys or titanium. Semi-tubular rivets are similar but have a partial hole at the tip. This hole reduces the force needed for installation by about one-fourth. Finally, blind rivets, or "pop" rivets, are designed for one-sided access.

Pop rivet gun
Pop rivet gun

They use a nail-like mandrel that is pulled through the rivet to expand it.

Blind rivets represented a major technological leap in fastening.

Popnagel
Popnagel

Before this invention, workers needed access to both sides of a joint. In 1916, engineer Hamilton Neil Wylie patented an improved way to close tubular rivets. He later developed a pull-through mandrel design in 1927. This allowed the rivet to be used "blind," meaning it could be installed from one side only. By 1928, companies were producing one-piece units that included the mandrel. This innovation made it much easier to assemble complex parts where the back side is unreachable.

Rivets have been used by humans since the Bronze Age.

American school of correspondence; a technical school for mechanics giving exclusive attention to steam and electrical engineering and the construction and operation of machinery (1898) (14783765532)
American school of correspondence; a technical school for mechanics giving exclusive attention to steam and electrical engineering and the construction and operation of machinery (1898) (14783765532)

Archaeologists have found rivet holes in Egyptian spearheads dating between 4400 and 3000 B.C. Bronze Age swords and daggers also show evidence of rivet use for handles. In modern construction, rivets played a massive role in landmark projects.

Golden Gate Bridge Rivet 1937
Golden Gate Bridge Rivet 1937

For example, the Golden Gate Bridge used original structural steel rivets in its 1937 construction. While high-strength bolts have largely replaced steel rivets in modern building codes, rivets remain essential in other fields.

Today, the application of rivets spans from heavy industry to fine art. They are vital in the structural parts of aircraft, where reliability is critical. Aluminum rivets for planes sometimes require "solution treating" to soften them for installation. They may even be kept in an "ice box" to slow age-hardening. In other areas, semi-tubular rivets are used in lighting, brakes, and electronics. Even artisans use rivets to create modern jewelry and metal couture. From ancient weaponry to the wings of a jet, the rivet remains a fundamental tool of construction.

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🖼️ Images & Media (19)
File:Rivet01.jpg
Rivet01.jpg
File:Complex Riveted Joint A103 379-5667.jpg
Complex Riveted Joint A103 379-5667.jpg
File:Riveting team2.jpg
Riveting team2.jpg
Photograph of Women Rivet Heaters at...
File:American_school_of_correspondence;_a_technical_school_for_mechanics_giving_exclusive_attention_to_steam_and_electrical_engineering_and_the_construction_and_operation_of_machinery_(1898)_(14783765532).jpg
American_school_of_correspondence;_a_techn...
File:Round Head Rivet.JPG
Round Head Rivet.JPG
Riveting the SS JOHN W BROWN.webm
File:Golden Gate Bridge Rivet 1937.jpg
Golden Gate Bridge Rivet 1937.jpg
File:Strivet333.JPG
Strivet333.JPG
File:Blindnieten.JPG
Blindnieten.JPG
File:Popnagel.gif
Popnagel.gif
File:Pop rivet gun.jpeg
Pop rivet gun.jpeg

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