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Red meat

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Red meat is a term used to define meat obtained from mammals. This category includes beef, pork, lamb, mutton, veal, venison, and goat.

Roastbeef
Roastbeef

In nutritional science, the definition focuses on the animal source rather than the appearance. However, in culinary contexts, the term is often used more loosely. Chefs use it to describe meat that appears red when it is raw. This distinction is important because red meat does not always look red. For example, some cuts of pork can appear pink or white.

The color of meat is determined by a protein called myoglobin. This protein is found in the muscle tissue of animals. The amount of myoglobin varies significantly between different types of meat. Aged beef contains a high concentration, between 1.50% and 2.00% of its mass. Regular beef contains between 0.40% and 1.00% myoglobin. In contrast, pork and veal have much lower levels, between 0.10% and 0.30%. Even poultry like chicken thighs have myoglobin levels around 0.18% to 0.20%. While duck can look red, it is not classified as red meat in nutritional studies.

Duck breast, smoked and panfried
Duck breast, smoked and panfried

Red meat serves as a dense source of various essential nutrients. It provides large amounts of protein, iron, and creatine. It also contains minerals such as zinc and phosphorus. Many B-vitamins are present, including niacin, thiamin, riboflavin, B6, and B12. Red meat is also a source of lipoic acid and small amounts of vitamin D. Some parts of the animal, known as offal, contain even higher concentrations. For instance, the liver provides much higher quantities of these nutrients than other parts.

Christmas ham
Christmas ham

Despite these nutrients, red meat consumption is linked to several health risks. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies unprocessed red meat as probably carcinogenic to humans. This means it is Group 2A, a category for substances that likely cause cancer. The IARC found limited evidence linking it to colorectal, pancreatic, and prostate cancers. There is also strong mechanistic evidence regarding these risks. For example, eating red meat can increase N-nitroso compounds in the gut. These compounds are known to be carcinogenic.

Delmonico steak
Delmonico steak

Processed meat carries even higher health risks than unprocessed red meat. Processed meat has undergone methods like salting, curing, smoking, or fermentation. Examples include bacon, ham, salami, pepperoni, and hot dogs. The IARC classifies these as Group 1 carcinogens. This means there is sufficient evidence that they cause colorectal cancer. Studies show that every 50g of processed meat consumed daily increases colorectal cancer risk by 18%. High intake is also associated with cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.

Christmas ham
Christmas ham

Cooking methods can also change the chemical makeup of the meat. Using high-temperature methods like grilling or pan-frying can create harmful substances. These include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic amines (HCAs). Smoking meat also contributes to the formation of PAHs. Research shows that meat cooked longer at higher temperatures carries a 4.62 times greater risk of breast cancer. This is compared to meat that is cooked rare or medium-done. Using a microwave before high-heat cooking can help reduce HCA formation.

Global health organizations provide specific guidelines to manage these risks. The World Cancer Research Fund recommends limiting red meat to three portions per week. This equals about 350 to 500 grams of cooked weight. The Harvard School of Public Health suggests limiting it to twice a week. They recommend replacing red meat with fish, poultry, beans, or nuts. These recommendations aim to reduce risks of heart disease and diabetes. Following these limits helps balance nutritional needs with long-term health goals.

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File:Christmas_ham.jpg
Christmas_ham.jpg
File:Roastbeef.jpg
Roastbeef.jpg
File:Duck breast, smoked and panfried.jpg
Duck breast, smoked and panfried.jpg
File:Delmonico_steak.jpg
Delmonico_steak.jpg
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