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Meat

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Meat is animal tissue that humans consume as food. Most commonly, it refers to skeletal muscle along with its associated fat and connective tissue.

FoodMeat
FoodMeat

The term can also include offal, which refers to edible organs like the liver or kidney. In some contexts, the word is used more strictly to describe the flesh of mammals, such as pigs, cattle, or sheep. This specific usage may exclude fish, poultry, or insects. Meat is a vital component of many global economies and diverse cultures.

MIN Rungis viandes de boucherie veau
MIN Rungis viandes de boucherie veau

The biochemical makeup of meat is complex and varies by species and age. Adult mammalian muscle is roughly 75 percent water and 19 percent protein. It also contains about 2.5 percent intramuscular fat and 1.2 percent carbohydrates. Other soluble substances, including minerals and amino acids, make up the remaining 2.3 percent.

Duck Liver Pâté
Duck Liver Pâté

Muscle proteins are categorized into two main types. Sarcoplasmic proteins are soluble in water and include enzymes used for glycolysis. Myofibrillar proteins, such as myosin and actin, form the muscle structure and allow the animal to move. These proteins consume adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, to deliver power.

Meat production relies on several biological and environmental factors. Genetics play a massive role in how an animal develops. Some traits are heritable, meaning they can be passed down through breeding. For example, the "double muscling" condition causes muscle hypertrophy, which increases commercial value.

SelectionOfPackageMeats
SelectionOfPackageMeats

Environmental factors like temperature also matter. Low temperatures can prolong development, while high temperatures may delay it. Nutrition is another critical factor. The amount of protein in an animal's diet regulates its growth. Ruminants, such as cattle, are well-adapted to digest cellulose through microorganisms in their rumen.

Humans have interacted with meat production for thousands of years. In prehistory, hunter-gatherers relied on hunting large animals like bison and deer.

Around 11,000 years ago, the Neolithic Revolution allowed for the domestication of vertebrates. This included animals like chickens, sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle. This shift enabled the systematic production of meat through farming. Since then, humans have used selective breeding to acquire desired qualities. In the United Kingdom, selective breeding and new butchery methods helped reduce fat content in beef and pork from 20–26 percent down to 4–8 percent.

Modern agriculture has seen a massive shift toward intensive animal farming. In 1966, industrialized nations like the United States and the United Kingdom began factory farming beef, dairy, and pigs. This method prioritizes high output through increased inputs like animal feed and veterinary medicines.

World production of meat by main items
World production of meat by main items

This practice became globalized toward the end of the 20th century. In 1990, intensive farming accounted for 30 percent of world meat production. By 2005, this figure rose to 40 percent. Today, farmers even raise animals previously unexploited for meat, such as emu, ostrich, and camel.

Technological interventions have further changed how meat is produced. Scientists use genetic engineering to identify and isolate specific genes. This can shorten breeding programs significantly. Some research has even led to the development of recombinant bacteria to help cattle digest grass more efficiently.

Atria slaughterhouse in Nurmo Seinajoki
Atria slaughterhouse in Nurmo Seinajoki

In some countries, growth hormones or anabolic agents like steroids are used to accelerate muscle growth. However, this can lead to international trade disputes. Other practices, such as using antibiotics to increase growth rates, are common in the US but banned in the EU to prevent antimicrobial resistance.

While meat is a major food source, it carries significant implications. Meat production can harm the environment by contributing to global warming, pollution, and biodiversity loss.

Environmental-impact-of-food-by-life-cycle-stage
Environmental-impact-of-food-by-life-cycle-stage

There are also human health considerations. Consuming certain types of meat, specifically red and processed meat, can increase the risk of diabetes, coronary heart disease, and cancer.

Because of these health, environmental, and ethical concerns, some people choose to be vegetarians or vegans.

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🖼️ Images & Media (31)
File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,2022.svg
Meat-supply-per-person,World,2022.svg
File:World production of main meat items by main producers (2023).svg
World production of main meat items by...
File:World production of meat by main items.svg
World production of meat by main items.svg
File:Definition of Free Cultural Works logo notext.svg
Definition of Free Cultural Works logo notext.svg
File:Foodlogo2.svg
Foodlogo2.svg
File:SelectionOfPackageMeats.jpg
SelectionOfPackageMeats.jpg
File:Christmas ham.jpg
Christmas ham.jpg
File:MIN Rungis viandes de boucherie veau.jpg
MIN Rungis viandes de boucherie veau.jpg
File:Cereals allocated to food, animal feed and fuel, World.png
Cereals allocated to food, animal feed...
File:Atria slaughterhouse in Nurmo Seinajoki.JPG
Atria slaughterhouse in Nurmo Seinajoki.JPG
File:Operação Hymenaea, Julho-2016 (29399454651).jpg
Operação Hymenaea, Julho-2016 (29399454651).jpg
File:Environmental-impact-of-food-by-life-cycle-stage.png
Environmental-impact-of-food-by-life-cycle...

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