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Beef

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Beef is the culinary term for meat derived from cattle, which belong to the species Bos taurus. It is a significant global food source, ranking as the third most widely consumed meat in the world, following pork and poultry.

World Production Of Meat, Main Items
World Production Of Meat, Main Items

Nutritionally, beef provides essential elements such as protein, iron, and vitamin B12. However, high consumption of red meat is linked to increased risks of cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer, particularly when the meat is processed.

World Emissions Intensity Of Agricultural Commodities (2021)
World Emissions Intensity Of Agricultural Commodities (2021)

Because of its cultural and economic importance, beef production involves complex systems of farming, trade, and environmental management.

Preparing beef involves various techniques based on the specific cut of meat used. Large, whole portions are often prepared as roasts, such as a standing rib roast.

Standing-rib-roast
Standing-rib-roast

Other portions are sliced into steaks, which can include cuts like sirloin, rump, or rib eye.

Rump steak
Rump steak

When meat is trimmings, it is often ground or minced to create products like hamburgers or sausages. Some cultures also consume offal, which refers to internal organs like the liver, tongue, or tripe. Even the blood can be used to make varieties like blood sausage.

Beef cuts
Beef cuts

These methods allow beef to be a versatile ingredient in many different global cuisines.

Cattle are raised using several distinct production methods. Some animals are kept on free range or large ranches where they graze on grass. Others are raised in intensive animal farming systems known as Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations, or CAFOs.

Wagyu
Wagyu

In the United States, CAFOs supply 70.4% of the cow market and 99% of the total meat supply. While these high-density systems meet high demand, they can lead to challenges. High concentrations of manure can cause E. coli contamination, specifically the toxic O157:H7 strain. Additionally, the density of these farms often requires the use of antibiotics to prevent illness, which raises concerns about antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Humanity's relationship with cattle began in prehistoric times. Early humans, including Neanderthals, hunted wild aurochs, the ancestors of modern domestic cattle. Evidence of these hunts can be found in ancient cave paintings, such as those at Lascaux. Domestication, the process of taming animals for human use, occurred in several distinct waves. The first major event happened around 10,500 years ago with Bos taurus. A second event occurred roughly 7,000 years ago with the evolution of Bos indicus in the Indian subcontinent. A possible third event involving Bos africanus may have happened 8,500 years ago in Africa.

In the United States, the beef industry grew alongside the expansion into the Southwest. Following the Mexican–American War in 1848, the acquisition of grasslands helped start the American livestock industry. This development relied on taming feral Longhorn cattle and benefited major hubs like Chicago and New York City. Today, beef production is a massive global industry. In 2018, the United States, Brazil, and China were the largest producers, yielding 12.22 million, 9.9 million, and 6.46 million tons respectively.

beef and buffalo meat production tonnes, World, 2023 (cropped)
beef and buffalo meat production tonnes, World, 2023 (cropped)

Brazil remains a leading exporter, accounting for a large portion of the world's beef trade.

Beef production has a profound impact on the natural environment. It is a primary driver of deforestation, especially in the Amazon rainforest. In fact, 91% of the Amazon land deforested since 1970 has been converted to cattle ranching.

Land-use-of-different-diets-Poore-Nemecek
Land-use-of-different-diets-Poore-Nemecek

Cattle also contribute significantly to climate change. In 2010, beef production was estimated to contribute about 4 billion tonnes, or 9%, of human-caused greenhouse gas emissions. This is partly because cattle require large amounts of feed; the ratio of feed to beef produced can range from 7:1 to as high as 43:1. Scientists are currently researching ways to reduce this impact, such as adding seaweed to cattle diets to lower methane emissions.

Beyond biology and environment, beef is deeply connected to culture and religion. Some traditions strictly prohibit its consumption. For instance, many Indian religions, such as Hinduism, do not eat beef. Buddhists generally avoid animal slaughter, though they do not have a specific rule against eating meat. To distinguish different qualities, many beef products carry special certifications. These can be based on the breed, such as Certified Angus Beef, or the origin, such as Kobe beef. Others are labeled based on how the animal was raised, such as organic, grass-fed, Kosher, or Halal beef. These designations help consumers understand the specific standards used in the production of their food.

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🖼️ Images & Media (18)
File:Standing-rib-roast.jpg
Standing-rib-roast.jpg
File:Harris Ranch Jack's Cut.jpg
Harris Ranch Jack's Cut.jpg
File:Wagyu.jpg
Wagyu.jpg
File:beef and buffalo meat production tonnes, World, 2023 (cropped).svg
beef and buffalo meat production tonnes,...
File:World Production Of Meat, Main Items.svg
World Production Of Meat, Main Items.svg
File:Beef_production_1961_2021.png
Beef_production_1961_2021.png
File:World Emissions Intensity Of Agricultural Commodities (2021).svg
World Emissions Intensity Of Agricultural...
File:Land-use-of-different-diets-Poore-Nemecek.png
Land-use-of-different-diets-Poore-Nemecek.png
File:Production Of Cattle Meat (2021).svg
Production Of Cattle Meat (2021).svg
File:Liu 2024 climate beef.png
Liu 2024 climate beef.png
File:Beef cuts.jpg
Beef cuts.jpg
File:Roast beef.jpg
Roast beef.jpg

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