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Recycling

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Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects.

RecyclingSymbolGreen
RecyclingSymbolGreen

This practice is a vital part of the "Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle" waste hierarchy. It aims to promote environmental sustainability and resource conservation. By redirecting waste output back into the economic system, recycling reduces the need for fresh raw materials. This helps lower greenhouse gas emissions and prevents the waste of useful resources. It also reduces air pollution from incineration and water pollution from landfilling.

Municipal waste recycling rate (%), OWID
Municipal waste recycling rate (%), OWID

The recycling mechanism follows a specific sequence to transform waste. First, materials are delivered to a household recycling center or collected via curbside bins.

ACT recycling truck
ACT recycling truck

Once collected, the materials undergo sorting and cleaning. After cleaning, they are reprocessed into new materials for manufacturing. In ideal implementations, this produces a fresh supply of the same material. For example, used office paper is converted back into new office paper.

CLOSEUP OF BEER BOTTLES CRUSHED INTO FINE GLASS. THIS MIXTURE IS FED INTO THE GLASS FURNACE AND NEW BOTTLES ARE MADE... - NARA - 543695
CLOSEUP OF BEER BOTTLES CRUSHED INTO FINE GLASS. THIS MIXTURE IS FED INTO THE GLASS FURNACE AND NEW BOTTLES ARE MADE... - NARA - 543695

Some materials, like metal cans, can be remanufactured repeatedly without losing their purity. Other materials are "downcycled," meaning they are reused to produce different, often lower-quality materials, such as paperboard.

Many different types of materials can be recycled. Common recyclables include glass, paper, cardboard, metal, plastic, tires, textiles, and batteries.

Shredded tires
Shredded tires

Even biodegradable waste, such as food and garden waste, can be recycled through composting. Another complex form involves the salvage of constituent materials from finished products. This happens when materials have high intrinsic value, such as gold from printed circuit boards.

RetiredCPUs
RetiredCPUs

It also occurs when materials are hazardous, such as removing mercury from thermometers to ensure safe disposal.

Humanity has practiced reusing materials for thousands of years. The philosopher Plato recorded advocacy for reuse as far back as the fourth century BC. Archaeological studies show that ancient waste dumps often had less household waste, suggesting high recycling rates. In 1031, Japanese shops were already selling repulped paper. In Britain, "dustmen" collected ash from coal fires to use as a base for making bricks. In 1813, Benjamin Law developed a process in Yorkshire to turn rags into "shoddy" wool.

Old Rags Into New Cloth- Salvage in Britain, April 1942 D7447
Old Rags Into New Cloth- Salvage in Britain, April 1942 D7447

This industry combined recycled fibers with virgin wool and lasted until at least 1914.

Recycling became a matter of national importance during World War II. Governments faced severe material shortages and financial constraints. This led to massive government campaigns, such as the National Salvage Campaign in Britain.

Scrap^ Will Help Win. Don't Mix it - NARA - 533983
Scrap^ Will Help Win. Don't Mix it - NARA - 533983

In the United States, the "Salvage for Victory" campaign urged citizens to donate metal, paper, and rubber. People viewed recycling as a patriotic duty to support the war effort. This era proved that chemistry could transform valueless items into valuable resources.

Housewives! Wage War on Hitler - Save - DPLA - 38319075b7298ab8ed2d9b792495f644
Housewives! Wage War on Hitler - Save - DPLA - 38319075b7298ab8ed2d9b792495f644

Modern recycling provides massive energy savings and economic value. For instance, recycling aluminum uses only 5% of the energy required for virgin production.

Uniseafish
Uniseafish

In 1982, Sweden established a system for aluminum cans that led to recycling rates between 84% and 99%. By 2014, the European Union held about 50% of the global waste and recycling industry. This industry had a turnover of €24 billion. However, the rise of electronic waste, or e-waste, has created new challenges.

RetiredCPUs
RetiredCPUs

While e-waste contains valuable metals like copper and gold, improper recycling can release up to 1,000 different chemical substances, including neurotoxicants like lead.

The global recycling market faces significant shifts and regulations. In 2015, the United Nations set Sustainable Development Goal 12, which focuses on responsible consumption and production. Target 12.5 aims to substantially reduce waste generation by 2030. Recently, the industry faced a crisis when China announced its "National Sword" policy on December 31, 2017. This policy banned the import of materials deemed too "dirty" or "hazardous." This caused a massive disruption, forcing many countries to find new ways to process their own waste and rethink how they ship materials to other nations.

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🖼️ Images & Media (30)
File:RecyclingSymbolGreen.png
RecyclingSymbolGreen.png
File:Municipal waste recycling rate (%), OWID.svg
Municipal waste recycling rate (%), OWID.svg
File:Old Rags Into New Cloth- Salvage in Britain, April 1942 D7447.jpg
Old Rags Into New Cloth- Salvage in...
File:Scrap^ Will Help Win. Don't Mix it - NARA - 533983.jpg
Scrap^ Will Help Win. Don't Mix it - NARA...
File:INF3-196 Salvage Still more paper, rags, bones wanted for salvage Artist Gilroy.jpg
INF3-196 Salvage Still more paper, rags,...
File:Housewives!_Wage_War_on_Hitler_-_Save_-_DPLA_-_38319075b7298ab8ed2d9b792495f644.jpg
Housewives!_Wage_War_on_Hitler_-_Save_-_DP...
File:YorkWhipMaFence2.jpg
YorkWhipMaFence2.jpg
File:Agbogbloshie Ghana.jpg
Agbogbloshie Ghana.jpg
File:CLOSEUP OF BEER BOTTLES CRUSHED INTO FINE GLASS. THIS MIXTURE IS FED INTO THE GLASS FURNACE AND NEW BOTTLES ARE MADE... - NARA - 543695.jpg
CLOSEUP OF BEER BOTTLES CRUSHED INTO FINE...
File:DeutscheBahnRecycling20050814 CopyrightKaihsuTai Rotated.jpg
DeutscheBahnRecycling20050814...
File:ACT recycling truck.jpg
ACT recycling truck.jpg
File:A Blue Recycling Bin with Wheels.jpg
A Blue Recycling Bin with Wheels.jpg

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