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Prehistoric art

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Prehistoric art refers to all creative works produced by preliterate cultures. These are societies that existed before the invention of writing. This era covers a vast span of human history. It begins in the late geological past. The end date varies depending on the region. For some, it ends when writing is developed. For others, it ends when they contact literate cultures. This transition marks the beginning of ancient art.

Claimed Oldest Known Drawing by Human Hands Discovered in South African Cave
Claimed Oldest Known Drawing by Human Hands Discovered in South African Cave

Creating these works involved many different methods and materials. Early humans used tools to etch designs into hard surfaces. Some used shark teeth to create zigzag patterns on shells. Others used ochre, a type of red clay, to draw lines.

During the Neolithic period, people began making pottery. The Jōmon people in Japan impressed wet clay with sticks and cord.

Korea-Neolithic.age-Pot-01
Korea-Neolithic.age-Pot-01

Later, the Bronze Age introduced metalworking. This allowed for more stylistic diversity. Artisans began to specialize in making art. They created objects that had no practical use other than beauty.

Artistic expression can be divided into several distinct types. Portable art includes small items like beads and figurines. These could be carried from place to place. Cave paintings are another major form. These are large images found on rock walls.

Prehistoric Hand Outline Cosquer Cave
Prehistoric Hand Outline Cosquer Cave

Rock art also includes petroglyphs, which are carvings made into stone. Megaliths are another type. These are massive stone structures built by early people.

Finally, there is figurative art. This type of art depicts recognizable subjects like animals or humans.

History shows that the urge to create is incredibly old. Experts debate the very first examples of workmanship. Some engravings on shells date back 500,000 years. These were made by Homo erectus. However, the intent behind these ornaments is unknown. The earliest undisputed art belongs to the Aurignacian culture. This was part of the Upper Paleolithic era.

Gravierter Knochen Bilzingsleben
Gravierter Knochen Bilzingsleben

In 2018, scientists found a drawing that is 73,000 years old. It was discovered in Blombos Cave, South Africa. This is much older than previous records of modern human drawings. This discovery helps us understand early human cognition.

Significant archaeological sites reveal the scale of prehistoric creativity. In Turkey, Göbekli Tepe contains massive T-shaped stone pillars. These are the world's oldest known megaliths. They feature carved animal reliefs and abstract pictograms.

Gobekli Tepe 2
Gobekli Tepe 2

In Azerbaijan, the Gobustan National Park holds over 6,000 rock carvings. These depict hunting scenes and human figures. Some carvings even resemble Viking-style longships. In China, the Sanxingdui culture produced large bronze figures.

Gold Mask (黄金面罩)
Gold Mask (黄金面罩)

These artifacts show a culture that was very different from the Shang dynasty.

Many notable examples exist across the globe. The Venus of Hohle Fels is a famous figurine from Germany. It dates to about 40,000 years ago. In Indonesia, the cave of Lubang Jeriji Saléh holds a painting of an unknown animal. This painting may be as old as 52,000 years.

Laas Geel
Laas Geel

In South Korea, researchers found carved deer bones in a cave. These are also roughly 40,000 years old. Even Neanderthals left their mark. They made a bone carving about 51,000 years ago. These examples show that art was a global phenomenon.

Prehistoric art connects to many broader fields of study. Archaeologists use these objects to track human migration. For example, cave art in Indonesia is similar to European art. This suggests a possible common origin in Africa. Historians use art to study the rise of civilizations. The Indus Valley civilization produced fine stamp seals and sculptures.

Dancing girl of Mohenjo-daro
Dancing girl of Mohenjo-daro

As writing systems emerged, the definition of prehistory changed. Some cultures, like the Maya, developed writing independently. However, their writing was later lost. This makes their art part of the prehistoric record. These works serve as a vital bridge to our distant past.

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🖼️ Images & Media (35)
File:Homo Erectus shell with geometric incisions circa 500,000 BP, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Netherlands (with detail).jpg
Homo Erectus shell with geometric...
Gravierter Knochen Bilzingsleben.tif
File:Claimed Oldest Known Drawing by Human Hands Discovered in South African Cave.jpg
Claimed Oldest Known Drawing by Human...
File:Dancing_girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg
Dancing_girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg
File:Gold Mask (黄金面罩).jpg
Gold Mask (黄金面罩).jpg
File:Korea-Neolithic.age-Pot-01.jpg
Korea-Neolithic.age-Pot-01.jpg
File:Korea-Bronze.age-Jinju-Pot-01.jpg
Korea-Bronze.age-Jinju-Pot-01.jpg
File:Goguryeo tomb mural.jpg
Goguryeo tomb mural.jpg
File:Placca pantera, da regione di krasnodar, kurgan chertomlyk, oro a sbalzo e cesellato, fine VII sec ac.jpg
Placca pantera, da regione di krasnodar,...
File:Gobekli Tepe 2.jpg
Gobekli Tepe 2.jpg
File:Prehistoric Hand Outline Cosquer Cave.JPG
Prehistoric Hand Outline Cosquer Cave.JPG
File:Blessington lunula.BM.WG.31 (cropped).jpg
Blessington lunula.BM.WG.31 (cropped).jpg

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