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Plate armour

history Maturity 11-13 Next article →

Plate armour is a sophisticated type of personal protection made from metal plates. These plates are typically crafted from bronze, iron, or steel.

ArmeriaPalacioRealMadrid
ArmeriaPalacioRealMadrid

A complete suit, often called a panoply, can encase the wearer entirely from neck to toe. This level of protection was essential for soldiers in many historical conflicts. It served to defend the body against various types of attacks. These included sharp cuts from swords and thrusts from spears.

Cod2823 fol150r
Cod2823 fol150r

Plate armour also provided a significant defense against blunt force weapons. Because the weight was distributed across the body, the wearer remained agile. They could still jump, run, and move with great freedom.

To understand how plate armour works, one must look at its construction. Armourers developed the skill to create articulated lames. Lames are individual metal plates that overlap to allow for flexibility. This allowed the armour to move with the wearer's joints.

Italian - Sallet - Walters 51580
Italian - Sallet - Walters 51580

A full suit included many specific parts. A helmet protected the head, while a gorget or bevor protected the neck. The torso was shielded by a cuirass, which consists of a breastplate and a backplate. Arms were covered by spaulders, pauldrons, rerebraces, couters, and vambraces. The legs were protected by cuisses, poleyns, and greaves. Finally, sabatons covered the feet.

Before full plate became the standard, mail armour was the primary defense. Mail consists of hundreds of small iron or steel rings. These rings are interlinked and held together by small metal rivets.

Bronze cuirass BM GR1873.8-20.223
Bronze cuirass BM GR1873.8-20.223

This design allowed the armour to follow the contours of the body. It offered comfort and was excellent at stopping cutting weapons. From the 10th to the 13th century, Europe was often called the "age of mail." During the 14th century, a transitional period occurred. During this time, single metal plates began to be worn over mail suits. These plates were used to protect specific areas like the shins and joints.

History shows that plate armour evolved through many different cultures. In ancient Greece, warriors used bronze muscle cuirasses to protect their chests. The Roman Empire utilized a specific type of plate armour called Lorica segmentata.

Bronze cuirass BM GR1873.8-20.223
Bronze cuirass BM GR1873.8-20.223

In Europe, full suits of plate armour were largely developed by about 1420. This period coincided with the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Different regions developed unique styles, such as Gothic or Milanese armour. In Japan, armouring had its own distinct history. During the Sengoku period, large quantities of armour were mass-produced for foot soldiers.

南蛮胴具足
南蛮胴具足

Japanese makers even created tameshi gusoku, which was "bullet tested" armour.

The production of armour was a massive and profitable industry. There was a major distinction between types of armour based on cost. High-quality, custom-fitted armour was extremely expensive. This meant it was mostly reserved for the wealthy nobility. These individuals were often committed to soldiering or jousting.

KHM Wien S XVI - Jousting armour of John the Constant, c. 1497-1505, front
KHM Wien S XVI - Jousting armour of John the Constant, c. 1497-1505, front

Most other soldiers used munition armour. This was a cheaper, ready-to-wear version of protection. In the 15th and 16th centuries, these armoured soldiers were the nucleus of many armies. In some French armies, men-at-arms made up 60% to 70% of the total force.

As armour improved, weapons also changed to overcome it. While plate was great against cuts, it had weak points. Thrusting weapons like estocs, poleaxes, and halberds were designed to exploit these gaps.

Cod2823 fol150r
Cod2823 fol150r

Other weapons like maces and war hammers were used to deliver blunt force. These could cause concussions even if the metal was not pierced. Some armour featured fluted designs. This fluting was not just for decoration. It actually reinforced the plates against bending during a heavy impact.

The decline of full plate armour was driven by new technology. The development of the musket changed everything. Bullets could penetrate metal plates from a considerable distance. By the early 17th century, the use of full suits began to fade. Many soldiers moved toward wearing only a simple breastplate, known as a cuirass.

Some groups, such as the Polish Hussars, continued to use significant amounts of plate. Even in the 20th century, the concept of metal protection survived. Steel plates were used in flak jackets during World War II. Today, modern materials like fibre-reinforced plastic have replaced heavy metal plates.

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Rustning, Gustav Vasa - Livrustkammaren -...
File:Bronze cuirass BM GR1873.8-20.223.jpg
Bronze cuirass BM GR1873.8-20.223.jpg
File:南蛮胴具足.jpg
南蛮胴具足.jpg
File:Italian - Sallet - Walters 51580.jpg
Italian - Sallet - Walters 51580.jpg
File:ArmeriaPalacioRealMadrid.JPG
ArmeriaPalacioRealMadrid.JPG
File:Cod2823 fol150r.jpg
Cod2823 fol150r.jpg
File:KHM Wien S XVI - Jousting armour of John the Constant, c. 1497-1505, front.jpg
KHM Wien S XVI - Jousting armour of John...
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