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Phalaenopsis amabilis

life science Maturity 5-7 Next article →

Phalaenopsis amabilis is a famous flowering plant in the Orchidaceae family. It is widely known by several common names, including the moon orchid, moth orchid, and mariposa orchid. This species is highly valued as a decorative houseplant because its flowers are white and long-lasting. It is an epiphytic herb, which means it typically grows on trees. It can also be a lithophytic herb, meaning it grows on rocks. These plants thrive in rainforest environments where humidity is high and air moves freely.

The physical structure of the orchid is quite distinct. It possesses long, thick, and coarse roots that are often flattened and branching. The plant grows between two and eight fleshy, dark green leaves. These leaves are oblong or egg-shaped and arranged in two rows along the stem. Interestingly, the leaf bases are so large that they hide the stem from view. From these leaf bases, a stiff, arching flowering stem emerges. This stem can hold multiple branches near the tip. Each branch carries between two and ten white flowers on individual stalks.

Each individual flower has a very specific anatomy. The sepals and petals are free from one another and spread widely apart. The sepals are egg-shaped, while the petals are broadly egg-shaped or almost square. A central feature is the labellum, which is a specialized part of the flower. The labellum is white and features yellow and reddish markings. It has three lobes, with the side lobes curving upward to partly surround the column. The middle lobe is shaped like a cross with a rounded tip and two long, wavy, thread-like arms. A large yellow callus is also located near the base of the labellum.

Botanists have studied this orchid for centuries. In 1750, Georg Eberhard Rumphius collected the species on Ambon Island. He described it in his book, Herbarium Amboinense, as Angraecum albus majus. Later, Carl Linnaeus included it in Species Plantarum under the name Epidendrum amabile. In 1825, Carl Ludwig Blume changed the scientific name to Phalaenopsis amabilis. The specific epithet, amabilis, is a Latin word that means "lovely." Another discovery involved Gus Rosenstrom, who found the plant high in trees near the Daintree River. Frederick Manson Bailey later formally described this find in the Queensland Agricultural Journal.

There are three recognized subspecies of Phalaenopsis amabilis. The first is Phalaenopsis amabilis subsp. amabilis, which is the most widespread. It is identified by a cross-shaped middle lobe on its labellum with yellow and red markings. It grows from the Philippines to Borneo, Sumatra, and Java. The second is Phalaenopsis amabilis subsp. moluccana, found in Sulawesi and the Maluku Islands. This subspecies has a linear-oblong middle lobe with yellow and white markings. The third is Phalaenopsis amabilis subsp. rosenstromii, native to New Guinea and Australia. This type has a short, triangular middle lobe with yellow markings.

In Australia, the subspecies rosenstromii is a significant concern. It was listed as endangered under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. This listing was updated in May 2016 to reflect its subspecies status. The primary threat to this plant in Australia is illegal collecting. In the wild, it can be found near the Cape York Peninsula. It grows between the Iron Range and the Paluma Range National Park. This subspecies is separated from the moluccana subspecies by a biological boundary known as Lydekker's Line.

The orchid holds great cultural and horticultural importance. It is one of three national flowers of Indonesia, where it is called the "moon orchid." In 1993, a Presidential Decree officially recognized it as the national "flower of charm." It is also the official flower of Kota Kinabalu, the capital of Sabah, Malaysia. For gardeners, it is a recommended plant for beginners. It thrives in bright, indirect light and requires specific feeding and watering. In 1887, John Veitch used this species to create Phalaenopsis Harriettiae. This was reportedly the very first man-made Phalaenopsis hybrid ever recorded.

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