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Pterocarpus indicus

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Pterocarpus indicus is a large, deciduous tree species belonging to the Fabaceae family. It is known by many names, including narra, angsana, and Malay padauk. This tree is native to southeastern Asia, northern Australasia, and the western Pacific Ocean islands. It grows in diverse locations like Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Because of its beauty and strength, it holds great cultural value. In 1934, Governor-General Frank Murphy declared it the national tree of the Philippines through Proclamation No. 652.

Pterocarpus indicus
Pterocarpus indicus

The tree has a very specific way of interacting with its environment to stay healthy. As a leguminous plant, it performs nitrogen fixation. This happens through endosymbiotic relationships with specific bacteria. These bacteria live inside small bumps on the roots called nodules. The bacteria take atmospheric nitrogen and transform it into a form the plant can use for food. This process helps maintain soil stability and ecosystem fertility. This makes the tree a useful tool in agroforestry systems.

Physically, Pterocarpus indicus is a massive specimen. A mature tree can reach heights of 30 to 40 meters. The trunk can grow to a diameter of up to 2 meters. Its wide crown can spread between 12 and 34 meters. The leaves are pinnate, meaning they have a central stem with leaflets. These leaflets are typically 12 to 22 centimeters long. Most Pterocarpus species like seasonal weather, but P. indicus prefers rainforest environments.

Pterocarpus indicus
Pterocarpus indicus

The reproductive cycle of the tree involves colorful flowers and unique fruit. Between February and May in regions like Borneo, the tree produces fragrant flowers. These flowers grow in clusters called panicles, which can be 6 to 13 centimeters long. The petals are yellow or orange-yellow. After flowering, the tree produces a semiorbicular fruit pod. This pod is about 2 to 3 centimeters in diameter. It features a flat, membranaceous wing that is 4 to 6 centimeters wide. This wing helps the seed disperse by catching the wind. The pod takes 4 to 6 years to ripen and turns purple when dry.

Pterocarpus indicus
Pterocarpus indicus

Humanity has used various parts of this tree for centuries. The wood is a premium timber because it is rose-scented and resistant to termites. In Indonesia, the burl of the tree is known as amboyna. This material is often sliced into decorative veneers for furniture or marimba keys. Historically, the wood was used to create lignum nephriticum. This was a traditional diuretic used in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century. The wood's reputation came from the fact that its infusions are fluorescent.

Pterocarpus indicus
Pterocarpus indicus

Beyond wood, the tree offers many medicinal and biological properties. The leaves contain flavonoids, which are antioxidants that provide anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic benefits. Some studies suggest these flavonoids may prevent kidney damage. In folk medicine, leaf infusions are used to combat tumors. This may be due to an acidic polypeptide that disrupts cell and nuclear membranes. Other uses include using leaf infusions as shampoo or using leaves to polish brass and copper. Even the flowers are used as a source of honey.

Pterocarpus indicus
Pterocarpus indicus

Despite its many uses, the species faces serious biological threats. Many populations are seriously threatened, and the tree is extinct in Vietnam. It may also be extinct in Sri Lanka and Peninsular Malaysia. In Singapore, the tree was used in a massive urban greening campaign from 1969 to 1982. However, in 1985, a disease called Angsana Wilt Disease killed 1,400 trees. This was caused by a fungal species named Fusarium oxysporum. The fungus was spread by wood-boring ambrosia beetles. To protect the remaining trees, experts monitor the area and plant disease-resistant varieties.

Pterocarpus indicus
Pterocarpus indicus
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