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Petroleum jelly

physical science Maturity 7-9 Next article →

Petroleum jelly is a semi-solid mixture of hydrocarbons used globally for many purposes.

White Petrolatum1
White Petrolatum1

It is also known as petrolatum, white petrolatum, or soft paraffin. This substance is important because it acts as a powerful skin protectant and a versatile lubricant. It is used in medicine, cosmetics, and even heavy industry. Because it can block moisture and prevent friction, it serves many different roles in our daily lives.

The substance is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, which are molecules made of hydrogen and carbon. These molecules usually have carbon numbers higher than 25. The jelly is a semi-solid, meaning it holds its shape like a solid but can be forced into a container like a liquid. This happens because of its microstructure. It consists of partially crystalline stacks of lamellar sheets. These sheets work to immobilize the liquid portion of the mixture. The composition typically includes 7% to 13% high molecular weight paraffins. It also contains 30% to 45% smaller paraffins and 48% to 60% small paraffins.

Petroleum jelly has many distinct physical properties. It is usually colorless or a pale yellow color if it is not highly distilled. When pure, it has no taste and no smell. It is insoluble in water, meaning it will not dissolve in it. However, it is soluble in other substances like benzene, turpentine, and chloroform. Its melting point varies depending on the exact proportions of its ingredients. It is only flammable when it is heated until it becomes a liquid. At that point, the fumes will catch fire rather than the liquid itself.

The history of using oil-based ointments is very old. In 1273, Marco Polo described the export of Baku oil by ships and camels. People used it as an ointment to treat mange. In the United States, Native Americans used petroleum jelly to protect and heal skin. Later, in 1859, workers in the Pennsylvania oil fields noticed a paraffin-like material on their rigs. They called this unrefined substance "rod wax." A chemist named Robert Chesebrough studied this material to see its potential.

US127568 Vaseline patent
US127568 Vaseline patent

He discovered he could create a light-colored gel by distilling the lighter oils away from the wax.

Chesebrough developed a specific way to refine the jelly. He used vacuum distillation, which is a process of heating material in a vacuum to separate parts. He then filtered the remaining residue through bone char. He patented this process in 1872 and opened a factory in Brooklyn in 1870. He named his product Vaseline. To prove it worked, he famously demonstrated its healing power by burning his own skin with acid or flames. He showed that the ointment helped his injuries heal.

Today, petroleum jelly is used in many significant ways. In medicine, doctors use it to keep skin injuries moist to reduce scarring. It is also used by ear, nose, and throat doctors to treat nosebleeds, known as epistaxis. It can prevent moisture loss in the skin, which helps with chapped lips or hands. Some people even use a method called "slugging," where they apply a thick layer to their face before bed. It can also act as a heat insulator for swimmers in cold water. It even prevents chafing for long-distance runners and cyclists.

Beyond the body, petroleum jelly has many industrial and home uses. It acts as a water repellent to protect metal tools and gun barrels from rust. It can be used to condition leather boots or to make zippers move smoothly. In manufacturing, it is used to soften candle wax and to moisten modeling clay. It even serves as a release agent for plaster molds. Because it is a fuel source, it can be mixed with inorganic chlorates to create explosives like Cheddite C. This shows how a simple skin protectant can play a role in many different scientific fields.

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