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Paul Robeson

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Paul Robeson was a remarkable American figure who mastered many different fields.

He was a famous bass-baritone concert artist, a talented actor, and a professional football player. Beyond his physical and artistic talents, he was a dedicated activist. He used his global fame to advocate for political causes and social justice. His life was a journey of immense cultural achievement and significant political struggle.

Paul Robeson by Doris Ulmann, c. 1924, platinum print, from the National Portrait Gallery - NPG-NPG 78 2Robeson-000001 (adjusted)
Paul Robeson by Doris Ulmann, c. 1924, platinum print, from the National Portrait Gallery - NPG-NPG 78 2Robeson-000001 (adjusted)

Robeson's artistic career was defined by his incredible vocal range and versatility. As a bass-baritone, he possessed a deep, rich voice that could reach many musical styles. Between 1925 and 1961, he released recordings of approximately 276 different songs. His repertoire was vast, including Americana, classical music, and European folk songs. He also performed political songs, poetry, and spoken excerpts from theatrical plays. One of his earliest recordings in 1925 featured the spiritual "Steal Away."

Paul Robeson - Negro Songs - Soviet Ministry of Culture
Paul Robeson - Negro Songs - Soviet Ministry of Culture

On the stage, Robeson became a celebrated performer in both the United States and Britain. He was a key figure in the Harlem Renaissance, a period of intense African-American cultural growth. He achieved major success in the London premiere of the musical *Show Boat* in 1928. He also performed in several productions of the play *Othello* throughout his career. One of his most intense roles was in *The Emperor Jones*. In that production, he performed a nearly 90-minute soliloquy, which is a long speech delivered by a single actor.

Paul Robeson in The Emperor Jones
Paul Robeson in The Emperor Jones

His early life in New Jersey provided the foundation for his many successes. Born in 1898 in Princeton, his father was a minister who had escaped from slavery.

PAUL ROBESON HOUSE, PRINCETON, MERCER COUNTY
PAUL ROBESON HOUSE, PRINCETON, MERCER COUNTY

Robeson was a standout student at Somerville High School, where he excelled in academics and many sports. He won a scholarship to Rutgers College, where he was the only African-American student at the time. At Rutgers, he was a dominant football player, earning consensus All-American honors twice. He was also elected as the class valedictorian.

CapandSkull-Robeson
CapandSkull-Robeson

Robeson's professional path included both the athletic and legal fields. While studying at Columbia Law School, he played professional football in the National Football League (NFL). He played for teams such as the Akron Pros and the Milwaukee Badgers. He was even recruited by Fritz Pollard, who was the first African-American coach in the NFL.

Pollard and Robeson
Pollard and Robeson

Although he earned his LL.B. degree from Columbia, he eventually left a career in law. He felt that racism made a legal career difficult and chose to focus on his art instead.

As his fame grew, Robeson became deeply involved in international political activism. He supported unemployed workers and students in Britain, and he advocated for the Republican cause during the Spanish Civil War.

However, his support for the Soviet Union brought intense scrutiny from the United States government. During the McCarthy era, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) investigated him. The U.S. State Department eventually withdrew his passport, which prevented him from traveling abroad. This loss of travel rights caused his income to plummet significantly.

Vito Marcantonio (right) with W. E. B. Du Bois (center) and Paul Robeson (left)
Vito Marcantonio (right) with W. E. B. Du Bois (center) and Paul Robeson (left)

Despite these hardships, Robeson remained committed to his beliefs. He moved to Harlem and published a periodical called *Freedom* from 1950 to 1955. This publication was critical of various United States policies. His legal battle for the right to travel continued until 1958. That year, the United States Supreme Court ruled in the case *Kent v. Dulles*, which eventually restored his right to travel. Robeson's legacy remains a complex study of how art and politics can intersect in a single life.

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🖼️ Images & Media (18)
File:PAUL ROBESON HOUSE, PRINCETON, MERCER COUNTY.jpg
PAUL ROBESON HOUSE, PRINCETON, MERCER COUNTY.jpg
File:Pollard and Robeson.jpg
Pollard and Robeson.jpg
File:CapandSkull-Robeson.jpg
CapandSkull-Robeson.jpg
File:Paul Robeson by Doris Ulmann, c. 1924, platinum print, from the National Portrait Gallery - NPG-NPG 78 2Robeson-000001 (adjusted).jpg
Paul Robeson by Doris Ulmann, c. 1924,...
File:Paul Robeson in The Emperor Jones.jpg
Paul Robeson in The Emperor Jones.jpg
Paul Robeson and Ágay Irén - London, 1934.tif
File:Einstein-Wallace-Robeson-Kingdon 300x236.jpg
Einstein-Wallace-Robeson-Kingdon 300x236.jpg
File:Abraham Lincoln Brigade Mass Meeting. Banner at meeting reads They Died That Democracy Might Live. Feb 1941 Slide 2.png
Abraham Lincoln Brigade Mass Meeting....
File:Paul Robeson at Teruel Edit.jpg
Paul Robeson at Teruel Edit.jpg
File:Paul Robeson - Birmingham Town Hall - 1939-03-07.jpg
Paul Robeson - Birmingham Town Hall -...
"Paul Robeson, world famous Negro...
File:Robeson Hagen Othello.jpg
Robeson Hagen Othello.jpg

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