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Parking

technology Maturity 11-13 Next article →

Parking is the act of stopping a vehicle and disengaging it from motion. This usually means leaving the vehicle unoccupied.

Parked cars on street
Parked cars on street

While we often think of cars as moving, they are actually stationary around 95 percent of the time. Because vehicles spend so much time not moving, parking is essential to car-based travel. It is also a massive use of land. In many North American city centers, half or more of all land is devoted to parking.

Where Did I Park ? (10066313343)
Where Did I Park ? (10066313343)

Parking facilities are generally divided into public and private categories. Public parking is managed by local government authorities. It is available for any member of the public to use. Private parking is owned by a specific entity. It might be open to everyone, or it might be restricted to employees, residents, or customers. These facilities can be located on-street or off-street. On-street parking occurs directly on the road, while off-street parking is found in lots or garages.

On-street parking can take several different forms. Curbside parking is a common type. Drivers might use parallel parking, which uses the least amount of road width. They might also use angled or perpendicular parking.

Moscow, Kozitsky Lane
Moscow, Kozitsky Lane

On-street parking can act as inexpensive traffic calming by reducing the effective width of a street. However, cities often apply restrictions to these spaces. These may include waiting prohibitions, time limits, or permit zones for residents. Some drivers must also pay using a meter or a mobile phone facility.

Off-street parking involves more complex structures or large open areas. Parking lots, also called car parks, can follow a surface or structured regime. Surface regimes use a clear lot to provide a single level of parking. Structured regimes involve buildings like multi-storey garages or underground facilities.

Longsmith Street car park
Longsmith Street car park
East River Road Garage
East River Road Garage

Some structures even use a car elevator to move vehicles between levels.

Different regions use different names for these structures. In the Midwestern United States, they are called ramps. In the United Kingdom, they are multi-storey car parks. In Canada and South Africa, they are known as parkades.

To manage city congestion, planners often use fringe parking. This refers to parking areas located on the outskirts of a central business district (CBD). These areas are vital for park-and-ride systems. In these systems, commuters drive or cycle to a lot outside the city center. They then use public transport, such as shuttles or trains, to finish their journey.

ParkRide and BikeRide Station Hamburg-Poppenbüttel13
ParkRide and BikeRide Station Hamburg-Poppenbüttel13

This method reduces the amount of traffic and the need for parking in crowded downtown areas. Some cities even dedicate massive spaces to bicycles. For example, Utrecht Central station has a three-storey underground bicycle park that can hold 12,656 bicycles.

Parking is a significant part of the modern market economy. The International Parking Institute describes it as a $25 billion industry. In the United States alone, annual parking revenue reaches $10 billion. Because drivers prefer not to walk far, parking facilities can have local monopoly power. The cost of space can be incredibly high. In August 2020, the price to buy a parking space in Boston's West End was just under $39,000. In the South End, the price reached almost $250,000.

Economists also study how price changes affect parking demand. This is known as parking price elasticity. For commuting trips, the average response to price changes is -0.52. For non-commuting trips, it is -0.62. Some cities use "performance parking" to manage this. This method uses electronic meters to change prices based on demand. The goal is to keep 85% to 90% of spaces in use at all times. This helps ensure that parking is always available for drivers and reduces the time spent cruising for a spot.

EPS - VivoCity
EPS - VivoCity
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🖼️ Images & Media (13)
File:Parked cars on street.jpg
Parked cars on street.jpg
File:Longsmith Street car park.JPG
Longsmith Street car park.JPG
File:Where Did I Park ? (10066313343).jpg
Where Did I Park ? (10066313343).jpg
File:East River Road Garage.jpg
East River Road Garage.jpg
File:Car elevator (4454457711).jpg
Car elevator (4454457711).jpg
File:Moscow, Kozitsky Lane.jpg
Moscow, Kozitsky Lane.jpg
File:ParkRide and BikeRide Station Hamburg-Poppenbüttel13.jpg
ParkRide and BikeRide Station...
File:Free parking sign cropped.jpg
Free parking sign cropped.jpg
File:Transportcostsdirect.jpg
Transportcostsdirect.jpg
File:EPS - VivoCity.JPG
EPS - VivoCity.JPG
File:Milk truck reserved parking at a Montebello cheese production facility. The French wording says "Camion à lait", which means "Milk truck").jpg
Milk truck reserved parking at a...
File:EdinburghAirportCarPark2017.jpg
EdinburghAirportCarPark2017.jpg

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