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Organized crime

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Organized crime describes centralized enterprises that engage in illegal activities. These groups often operate as illegal businesses to generate profit. Some organizations are driven by politics rather than money. These include terrorist groups, rebel groups, and separatists. Many criminal groups rely on fear or terror to maintain control. They may use tactics similar to authoritarian regimes to keep power. Some groups exist to meet the demand for banned goods. This includes the trade of illegal drugs or firearms. Other groups use extortion to force people into business. For example, gangs may demand protection money from shopkeepers.

Sam Giancana
Sam Giancana

Sociologists study different models of how these groups function. One model is the patron-client network. These networks consist of fluid interactions between smaller units. They often rely on family, social, or cultural traditions. These groups value familiarity and deep-rooted belief systems. They may use religion or class politics to maintain order. Communication and rules often depend on social etiquette and history. Another model is the bureaucratic or corporate operation. These groups have a rigid and complex authority structure. They use an extensive division of labor between different classes. Responsibilities are carried out in an impersonal manner. They often use written rules and top-down communication. However, this model has significant risks. Written records can jeopardize the security of the whole group. Infiltration at lower levels can cause a house of cards effect.

A third model involves youth and street gangs. A street gang is a self-formed association of peers. They are united by mutual interests and identifiable leadership. These groups often work collectively to control a territory. Many youths join gangs to feel accepted or gain status. Some join because they lack a sense of unity at home. In deteriorating neighborhoods, conflict can promote group cohesion. This is sometimes called a zone of transition. Gangs often create a symbolic identity to represent themselves. They use recognizable colors, symbols, patches, flags, or tattoos.

Christopher Coke
Christopher Coke

History provides many examples of famous criminal organizations. Researchers have studied the original Sicilian Mafia in Italy. This group influenced studies on the Russian bratva. Other examples include the Indonesian preman and the Chinese triads. The Japanese yakuza is another well-known group.

Yakuza at Sanja Matsuri
Yakuza at Sanja Matsuri

In India, historical groups were known as the thuggee. These groups have different structures and cultural roots. Some are local, while others are transnational. Transnational groups operate across many different countries. Academic studies show how these groups impact global economies.

Different nations have specific laws regarding these groups. In the United States, the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 provides a definition. It describes organized crime as a highly organized, disciplined association. Criminal activity that follows a structured process is called racketeering. Historically, the Cosa Nostra was a major force in America. Since the end of the Cold War, international presence has grown. Groups from Russia, China, Italy, Nigeria, and Japan have expanded. In the UK, police estimate 38,000 people work in 6,000 groups. These numbers show the massive scale of the underworld.

In the United States, certain groups pose specific threats. The 2017 National Drug Threat Assessment identified Mexican cartels. These are classified as transnational criminal organizations, or TCOs. They dominate large regions used for producing and moving drugs.

Drug traffic routes in Mexico
Drug traffic routes in Mexico

Six specific cartels have the greatest influence. These include the Sinaloa and Jalisco New Generation cartels. They also include the Juárez, Gulf, Los Zetas, and Beltrán-Leyva cartels. These organizations control the cultivation and importation of illicit drugs.

Organized crime relates to many complex social systems. It can overlap with the functions of a state. In failed states, crime and governance sometimes complement each other. This happens when a state cannot provide security or education. Some countries become kleptocracies or mafia states. These are governments heavily involved with organized crime. In some cases, a few families may control a country. This is sometimes referred to as an oligarchy. The United Nations has set a goal to combat crime. Sustainable Development Goal 16 aims to stop organized crime by 2030. This is part of the broader 2030 Agenda for the world.

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🖼️ Images & Media (5)
File:Sam Giancana.jpg
Sam Giancana.jpg
File:Christopher Coke.jpg
Christopher Coke.jpg
File:Drug traffic routes in Mexico.svg
Drug traffic routes in Mexico.svg
File:Yakuza at Sanja Matsuri.jpg
Yakuza at Sanja Matsuri.jpg
File:KWC - 1989 Aerial.jpg
KWC - 1989 Aerial.jpg
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