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Nicosia

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Nicosia is the capital city of Cyprus.

Nicosia conurbation map
Nicosia conurbation map

It is the southeasternmost capital among European Union member states. The city serves as the island's financial capital and main international business center. In 2018, Nicosia was ranked as the 32nd richest city in the world by relative purchasing power. It is also classified as a "Beta −" city in the 2022 Globalisation and World Cities ranking. This means it is a significant hub for global connections.

Nicosia panoramic view Cyprus Tower 25 Jean Nouvel
Nicosia panoramic view Cyprus Tower 25 Jean Nouvel

The city has been continuously inhabited for over 5,500 years. It has served as the capital of Cyprus since the 10th century. Early settlers established themselves in the fertile Mesaoria plain. The settlement was once associated with the city-state of Ledra. An ancient Assyrian inscription from the reign of King Esarhaddon mentions a place called Lidir. This name likely refers to the local form of the settlement.

Nicosia. (1878) - TIMEA
Nicosia. (1878) - TIMEA

Nicosia has used many different names throughout its long history. During late antiquity, Christian sources used Greek names like Leucopolis or Leucotheon. These names often included elements meaning "white" or "poplar." During the Byzantine period, the name Leucosia became common. This name is often interpreted to mean "the white estate." The modern names Lefkosia and Lefkoşa evolved from this form. The English name Nicosia emerged during the medieval Lusignan period.

Nicosia 1
Nicosia 1

The Byzantine Empire selected Nicosia as the capital around 965. They moved the administrative seat inland for better security. Coastal towns were often targeted by raids, making inland locations safer. During this time, the economy relied on trading agricultural goods from the Mesaoria plain. The city also produced luxury items and metalware due to the imperial administration.

Nicosia 01-2017 img04 aqueduct
Nicosia 01-2017 img04 aqueduct

Medieval rule brought significant architectural changes to the city. The Lusignan kings ruled from Nicosia starting in 1192. They built many palaces and the Gothic Cathedral of Saint Sophia.

Selimiye Mosque (St. Sophie Cathedral) (36)
Selimiye Mosque (St. Sophie Cathedral) (36)

Later, the Republic of Venice took control of Cyprus. The Venetians built massive fortifications to protect against Ottoman threats. These walls were designed in a star shape with eleven bastions. This shape allowed for better artillery use and defense. The walls include three main gates: Kyrenia, Paphos, and Famagusta.

Venetian walls and green parks Nicosia Republic of Cyprus Kypros
Venetian walls and green parks Nicosia Republic of Cyprus Kypros

Ottoman rule began in 1570 after a 40-day siege. The city suffered great devastation during this conquest. The population dropped from an estimated 21,000 to about 1,100 or 1,200 people. Many Latin churches were converted into mosques. The Cathedral of Saint Sophia was one such building. Nicosia became the seat of the pasha, the governor of Cyprus.

Nicosia 01-2017 img32 AtatuerkSquare
Nicosia 01-2017 img32 AtatuerkSquare

Today, Nicosia is known as the last divided capital in Europe.

The city is split by the United Nations Buffer Zone. This zone separates the Republic of Cyprus from Northern Cyprus. Northern Cyprus is recognized only by Turkey. The division followed intercommunal violence and a Turkish invasion. The buffer zone is heavily policed by the United Nations. The ongoing dispute is known as the Cyprus problem.

Nicosia 01-2017 img08 Famagusta Gate
Nicosia 01-2017 img08 Famagusta Gate
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🖼️ Images & Media (45)
File:Selimiye Mosque (St. Sophie Cathedral) (36).JPG
Selimiye Mosque (St. Sophie Cathedral) (36).JPG
File:Venetian walls and green parks Nicosia Republic of Cyprus Kypros.jpg
Venetian walls and green parks Nicosia...
File:Nicosia by Giacomo Franco.jpg
Nicosia by Giacomo Franco.jpg
File:Nicosia 01-2017 img08 Famagusta Gate.jpg
Nicosia 01-2017 img08 Famagusta Gate.jpg
File:Nicosia 01-2017 img04 aqueduct.jpg
Nicosia 01-2017 img04 aqueduct.jpg
File:Nicosia. (1878) - TIMEA.jpg
Nicosia. (1878) - TIMEA.jpg
File:Hosting the British flag at Nicosia.jpg
Hosting the British flag at Nicosia.jpg
File:1914 Nicosia Cyprus.png
1914 Nicosia Cyprus.png
File:Nicosia boundary extensions.png
Nicosia boundary extensions.png
File:Nicosia Eleftheria Ariadnis Street Nicosia Republic of Cyprus.jpg
Nicosia Eleftheria Ariadnis Street...
File:Nicosia, Cyprus (37581219510).jpg
Nicosia, Cyprus (37581219510).jpg
File:Nicosia panoramic view Cyprus Tower 25 Jean Nouvel.jpg
Nicosia panoramic view Cyprus Tower 25...

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