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New International Version

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The New International Version (NIV) is a contemporary English translation of the Bible. It is published by an organization called Biblica. The translation aims to find a balance between accuracy and readability. This means it sits between word-for-word and thought-for-thought translation methods. Some call this a balance of literal and phrase-by-phrase translation. The NIV is currently the best-selling Bible translation in the United States. As of March 2023, more than 500 million copies have been distributed worldwide.

The project began due to a desire for more modern language. In 1955, a businessman named Howard Long expressed a need for this change. He found the King James Version difficult to use when sharing the gospel. He specifically noted that parents could not easily read it to their children. Long shared these concerns with Reverend Peter DeJong. They petitioned the Christian Reformed Church (CRC) for support. In 1957, the CRC endorsed a committee to investigate the possibility of a new translation.

The formal development of the NIV involved several organized steps. In 1964, a joint committee from the CRC and the National Association of Evangelicals met in Illinois. This group met at Trinity Christian College in August 1965. They decided that the translation should be a collegiate endeavor of evangelical scholars. They also established a continuing committee of fifteen members. This group eventually became known as the Committee on Bible Translation (CBT). In 1967, the New York Bible Society, now Biblica, took responsibility for the project. They hired a team of 15 scholars from many different countries and denominations.

The translation process relied on a massive amount of scholarly work. While the core group consisted of 15 scholars, over 100 scholars eventually participated. These experts came from the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. They represented many denominations, such as Anglican, Baptist, Lutheran, and Presbyterian. The scholars used specific ancient texts as their foundation. For the Old Testament, they used the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia Masoretic Hebrew Text. They also consulted the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Septuagint, and the Samaritan Pentateuch. For the New Testament, they used Koine Greek language editions from the United Bible Societies and Nestle-Aland.

Over time, the NIV has undergone several different versions and revisions. The New Testament was first released in 1973, followed by the full Bible on October 27, 1978. A minor revision occurred in 1984. In 1995 and 1996, an Inclusive Language Edition was released in the UK. This version used gender-neutral language, but it was not published in the US due to opposition from conservative groups. A revised edition called Today's New International Version (TNIV) followed in 2002. Finally, a major update was released in 2011. This 2011 update discontinued the 1984 and TNIV versions. It modified some gender-neutral language, returning to terms like "mankind" and "man."

There are also derivative versions of the NIV for different needs. The New International Reader's Version (NIrV) was published in 1996. It was written at a third-grade reading level to help those with limited English literacy. There are also international versions, such as the Spanish NVI. The Spanish NVI was completed in 1999 after a committee translated the texts directly from ancient manuscripts. A Portuguese version, the Nova Versão Internacional, was also published in 2001. These versions show how the NIV project has expanded into different languages and reading levels.

Despite its popularity, the NIV has faced criticism from various scholars. New Testament scholar N. T. Wright argued that the NIV sometimes obscures the meaning of the Apostle Paul. He suggested the translation sometimes makes Paul's words conform to Protestant traditions. Other scholars, like Mark Given, criticized the NIV for being too much of a paraphrase. Michael Marlowe and others criticized specific footnotes for trying to harmonize the text with modern dress habits. Some experts also questioned the use of specific verb tenses compared to the original Hebrew. These debates highlight the difficult nature of translating ancient texts into modern languages.

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