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Mouse

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A mouse is a small rodent belonging to a highly successful group of mammals.

While many people use the term "mouse" for any small rodent, it is not a strictly scientific name. Most common mice belong to the genus Mus, but the name also applies to species like the deer mouse in the genus Peromyscus. Generally, people distinguish mice from rats based on size. If a muroid rodent is small, it is called a mouse; if it is larger, it is called a rat. These animals are known for their pointed snouts, small rounded ears, and long, scaly tails. They are incredibly adaptable and can survive in almost any environment on Earth.

Mice rely on specific biological mechanisms to navigate their world. Because they are primarily nocturnal, they are most active during the night. They have poor eyesight, so they compensate using a keen sense of hearing. They also depend heavily on their sense of smell to locate food and detect predators. In the wild, many species build intricate burrows. These underground homes feature long entrances and specialized escape tunnels. For at least one species, the specific architectural design of these burrows is a genetic trait passed down through generations.

There are many different types of mice across various biological orders. Some are murines, which are in the same clade as common rats. Others are murids, a group that includes gerbils. Within the order Rodentia, different suborders host unique species. For example, the family Heteromyidae includes the kangaroo mouse and the pocket mouse. The suborder Anomaluromorpha contains the flying mouse. Other examples include the brush mouse and various species of field mice, such as the wood mouse. This diversity shows how mice have branched into many different ecological roles.

In scientific research, mice are the most commonly used mammalian model organism. They are preferred over rats in many studies because they are small, inexpensive, and easy to maintain. Because mice are mammals, they share a high degree of homology with humans. This means they share many similar biological traits and genetic structures. Scientists have even sequenced the entire mouse genome. A mouse has approximately 2.7 billion base pairs and 20 pairs of chromosomes. Most mouse genes actually have human homologs, which are corresponding genes in humans.

One important tool in biology is the knockout mouse. This is a genetically modified animal where one or more genes have been made inoperable through a process called a gene knockout.

Fatmouse
Fatmouse

Researchers use these models to study complex human conditions. For instance, they use mouse models to study colorectal cancer, intestinal cancer, and breast cancer metastasis. They also use them to study Down syndrome. These studies allow scientists to observe biological processes in a way that would be illegal to perform on humans.

Mice also interact closely with humans as pets and food. As companions, they can be playful and loving, especially if they are raised from birth with human contact.

Fancy mice
Fancy mice

However, owners must be careful, as many predators like cats, snakes, and birds of prey hunt them. In the history of human diet, mice have been used in many ways. In Ancient Egypt, mothers sometimes ate mice as a medicinal treatment for sick infants. In Victorian Britain, fried mice were used as a folk remedy. Today, mice are frequently used as a staple food for captive carnivores like snakes and lizards.

Feeder mice
Feeder mice

Despite their success, mice can also be considered vermin due to the damage they cause. They can destroy crops and cause structural damage to buildings. They are also known to spread diseases through their feces. In North America, breathing dust that has touched mouse excrement can lead to hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Even in space, mice have made history. During the Apollo 17 mission in 1972, mice orbited the Moon 75 times. This shows that these small creatures are connected to almost every part of human history and science.

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