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Middle name

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A middle name is a specific component of a personal name. It is positioned between a person's given name and their surname, which is also called a family name.

FML names-2
FML names-2

People may be assigned a middle name even if it is not required to distinguish them from others. In some cultures, this name is shortened to a middle initial. This is a common practice in the United States and the Philippines. While middle names are a standard part of many naming systems, they are rare in countries like China, Japan, and Korea.

The mechanism of a middle name depends on the cultural structure of the full name. In cultures where a given name must precede a surname, additional names can be placed in the center. This creates the middle name structure. In the United States, people often use a middle initial to represent the full name. This practice became popular during the 19th century. Famous examples include John D. Rockefeller and Dwight D. Eisenhower. Some individuals even use a single letter that does not stand for a specific name, such as Harry S. Truman.

There are several distinct ways names are structured that might look like middle names. A double name is a two-word given name that functions as one unit. A double-barrelled name is a compound surname made of two parts. A maiden name is the surname a person had before marriage. For example, Hillary Rodham Clinton includes her maiden name in her full name. Additionally, some people may have more than two middle names. In Britain, having two middle names is a tradition often seen among the middle and upper classes.

The history of middle names can be traced back to ancient Rome. Aristocratic Roman males used a system called tria nomina. This system included a praenomen, a nomen, and a cognomen. The nomen was the family name and was placed in the middle. This differs from modern middle name usage. The practice re-emerged in Italy during the 13th century. By the late 1400s, upper-class Italian families used middle names frequently. This trend spread across Europe, especially among wealthy families. By the 17th century, middle names were common in Germany. German immigrants eventually brought this custom to America.

Middle name usage changed significantly throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. In France, most boys did not have middle names in the early 1800s. However, by the end of that century, 46% of boys had one middle name. Another 23% of boys had two middle names. In the United States, Americans of European descent began using them more often during this time. In Britain, the middle classes adopted the trend from the nobility. By the early 20th century, birth records in North Carolina showed that most children and parents had middle names. The first American government documents to request a middle name were WWI enlistment forms in 1914.

Regional traditions create many different types of middle names. In India, modern Hindu names may include a middle name representing a father or spouse. Sikhs often use the middle names Singh, meaning lion, or Kaur, meaning princess. In the Philippines, the middle name is usually the mother's maiden surname. In Russia, middle names are often based on the father's first name. For girls, suffixes like "ovna" or "evna" are added. For boys, "ovich" or "evich" are used. In Vietnam, the tên đệm is an optional component. It must be used with the first name and cannot stand alone.

Naming laws and customs vary widely in Scandinavia. In these countries, extra names are often considered first names rather than middle names. A person might have multiple first names but only use one to be addressed. In Denmark and Norway, the legal term "middle name" often refers to original surnames, such as a mother's maiden name. Sweden had different laws over time. The Name Act of 1963 introduced middle names, but the Name Act of 2017 removed the concept entirely. While people can keep existing middle names, they can no longer be given to new people. These diverse systems show how names connect individuals to their family, history, and culture.

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