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Palm (unit)

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A palm is an obsolete anthropic unit used to measure length. Anthropic units are measurements based on the human body. The palm was originally defined by the width of a person's hand. Over time, many cultures standardized this measurement to be the width of four digits.

Hand Units of Measurement
Hand Units of Measurement

This unit helped people measure objects without needing specialized tools. It was a practical way to communicate size in daily life. Today, it is no longer an official standard in most systems.

The mechanism of the palm involves dividing the hand into smaller segments. Most systems used the digit, or finger width, as the smallest part.

Cun3
Cun3

A single palm was typically composed of four digits. These digits could be combined to create larger units of length. For example, three palms might form a span. Four palms could equal a full foot. This hierarchical system allowed people to measure everything from small items to large structures.

Different types of palms existed depending on the specific region and purpose. There was a "lesser palm," which was often just the width of the hand. There was also a "greater palm," which represented the full length of the hand.

Hand Units of Measurement
Hand Units of Measurement

In Ancient Rome, the palm was one-fourth of a Roman foot. In some parts of Europe, the palm was based on this Roman greater palm. These distinctions ensured that merchants and builders used the correct scale for their work.

History shows that the palm was essential to several great civilizations. In Ancient Egypt, the palm was attested as early as the reign of Djer.

Coudée-turin detail
Coudée-turin detail

The Egyptians used palms to build various cubits. A Greek cubit consisted of six palms, while a royal cubit used seven palms. In Ancient Israel, the palm was known as a "spread." Scholars believe the Israeli palm was approximately 7.4 centimeters. This value is close to the Egyptian Greek cubit.

The significance of the palm is seen in its many specific measurements. In Ancient Greece, the palm was one-fourth of a Greek foot. Because the Greek foot varied by region, the palm also changed. The Attic palm was approximately 7.5 centimeters. In Rome, the palm was roughly 7.4 centimeters. This was often divided into four digits of about 1.85 centimeters each. These specific numbers allowed for a high level of organization in trade.

In medieval and early modern Europe, the palm became highly localized.

Pernes - Mesures anciennes
Pernes - Mesures anciennes

In Italy, the palm varied significantly between cities. The Genovese palm for cloth was about 106.9 millimeters. In contrast, the Neapolitan palm was much larger at 263.6 millimeters. In France, the palm size changed between regions like Vaucluse and Languedoc. These variations meant that a "palm" in one city might not be the same in another.

Modern mathematics and science have moved toward universal standards. The palm is now considered an obsolete unit in the imperial and metric systems. However, it remains a vital part of the history of metrology. Metrology is the scientific study of measurement. The transition from body-based units to standardized rulers shows how human precision has evolved. We still use the concept of the hand to estimate size, even if we no longer use the formal unit.

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File:Hand Units of Measurement.PNG
Hand Units of Measurement.PNG
File:Coudée-turin detail.jpg
Coudée-turin detail.jpg
File:Pernes - Mesures anciennes.JPG
Pernes - Mesures anciennes.JPG
File:Cun3.gif
Cun3.gif
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