Nepedia
Back to Discover
Advanced Reader
🗺️

Mazar-i-Sharif

geography Maturity 11-13 Next article →

Mazar-i-Sharif is a major urban center in northern Afghanistan. It serves as the capital and largest city of Balkh Province. The city acts as a vital regional hub for the entire northern part of the country. It is located near the borders of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.

Mazar-i-Sharif & Band-e-Amir Fan
Mazar-i-Sharif & Band-e-Amir Fan

The city is geographically unique as the lowest-lying major city in Afghanistan. Its land sits only slightly above sea level. Mazar-i-Sharif has a very high density of urban development. About 91% of the land in the province capital is built-up. This high percentage is greater than any other Afghan provincial capital.

The city is defined by its religious and historical significance. The name Mazar-i-Sharif means "tomb of the saint."

This name refers to the purported tomb of Ali. Ali was the cousin and son-in-law of the prophet Muhammad. His tomb is housed within a large sanctuary known as the Blue Mosque. This site is a famous landmark due to its blue-tiled architecture. Because of these shrines, the city has long been a destination for tourists. Visitors also travel here to see Hellenistic and Islamic archaeological sites.

Transportation and infrastructure connect the city to many surrounding regions. A road network links Mazar-i-Sharif to several other important places. These include Hairatan to the north and Kunduz to the east. To the southeast, the roads lead to Aybak. The network also connects to Bamyan in the south and Sheberghan in the west.

The city is also home to the Mawlana Jalaluddin Mohammad Balkhi International Airport.

C-5 Galaxy at Mazar-e-Sharif Airport in northern Afghanistan
C-5 Galaxy at Mazar-e-Sharif Airport in northern Afghanistan

This airport is a key piece of infrastructure for the region.

The history of this region spans many ancient civilizations. The Achaemenids controlled the area starting in the sixth century BCE. Later, Alexander the Great conquered the territory. Following his death, the land became part of the Seleucid Empire. The decline of the Seleucids led to the Greco-Bactrian kingdom. Eventually, the Sakas occupied the region around 130 BCE. The Yuezhi also took control, which led to the Kushan Empire. Many other groups, including the Sasanians and Timurids, ruled the area over the centuries.

Gate of Mazar-e Sharif in July 2012
Gate of Mazar-e Sharif in July 2012

In more recent history, the city has experienced periods of both stability and intense conflict. During the Soviet-Afghan War in the 1980s, the city was a strategic base. The Soviet Army used the local airport to launch air strikes. In the 1990s, the city was under the rule of General Abdul Rashid Dostum. During this time, it was described as a "glittering jewel" in Afghanistan. The city was relatively stable and liberal compared to the south. However, this peace ended when the Taliban took control in 1998.

Thomas de Maizière with Afghan Governor Atta
Thomas de Maizière with Afghan Governor Atta

This period involved significant violence and the loss of many non-combatants.

Following the events of September 11, 2001, the city changed hands again. The Northern Alliance captured Mazar-i-Sharif in November 2001. They were supported by United States Special Operations Forces and aircraft.

Luftwaffe Tornados in Afghanistan
Luftwaffe Tornados in Afghanistan

Later, the city came under the control of the Karzai administration. International forces also had a presence in the area. For example, NATO-led peacekeeping forces were stationed nearby. The German-led ISAF Regional Command North was located at Camp Marmal. This camp sits next to the Mazar-i-Sharif Airport.

Today, Mazar-i-Sharif is a complex and busy city. It has 12 city districts, known as nahias. The estimated population is 568,013 people. The city is home to Balkh University and various commercial activities.

John Kerry at Balkh University in May 2011
John Kerry at Balkh University in May 2011

You can see local life in the markets, such as carpet sellers.

Carpet seller in mazar-e-sharif
Carpet seller in mazar-e-sharif

However, the city still faces challenges from its past. Research shows that exposure to war has led to mental health issues. These include depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Even with relative security, the psychological effects of past violence continue to impact the people.

633 words

Where will your curiosity go next?

Keep exploring at your chosen reading level.

🖼️ Images & Media (12)
File:Mazar-i-Sharif & Band-e-Amir Fan.jpg
Mazar-i-Sharif & Band-e-Amir Fan.jpg
File:Luftwaffe Tornados in Afghanistan.jpg
Luftwaffe Tornados in Afghanistan.jpg
File:Thomas de Maizière with Afghan Governor Atta.jpg
Thomas de Maizière with Afghan Governor Atta.jpg
File:John Kerry at Balkh University in May 2011.jpg
John Kerry at Balkh University in May 2011.jpg
File:Carpet seller in mazar-e-sharif.jpg
Carpet seller in mazar-e-sharif.jpg
File:Maulana Jalaludin park in northern Afghanistan-2.jpg
Maulana Jalaludin park in northern...
File:Berezka (5778258455).jpg
Berezka (5778258455).jpg
File:C-5 Galaxy at Mazar-e-Sharif Airport in northern Afghanistan.jpg
C-5 Galaxy at Mazar-e-Sharif Airport in...
File:Blue Mosque in Mazar-e-Sharif.jpg
Blue Mosque in Mazar-e-Sharif.jpg
File:Palace of Balkh Governor in 2010.jpg
Palace of Balkh Governor in 2010.jpg
File:Gate of Mazar-e Sharif in July 2012.jpg
Gate of Mazar-e Sharif in July 2012.jpg
File:Hairatan to Mazar-e-Sharif Railway Project in Afghanistan.jpg
Hairatan to Mazar-e-Sharif Railway...
More to explore

✨ What else?

Related topics you might enjoy

🔬 Go deeper

More advanced topics to explore

🪜 Step back

Simpler topics to build understanding

What is Nepedia?

A free, ad-free encyclopedia for children. Every article is written at five reading levels, so the same page works for a five-year-old and a fifteen-year-old — use the level switcher above to see this one change. No account needed to read.