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Marriage

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Marriage, also known as matrimony or wedlock, is a culturally and legally recognized union between individuals called spouses.

Marriage symbol
Marriage symbol

This institution establishes specific rights and obligations between partners. These rules also extend to their children and their in-laws. While marriage is considered a cultural universal, its exact definition varies across different religions and societies.

People together
People together

In many cultures, marriage serves as the sanctioned framework for interpersonal relationships. Some societies view marriage as a requirement before sexual activity can occur. A formal ceremony celebrating this union is called a wedding, while a private union is known as an elopement.

Anthropologists have developed several complex definitions to explain marital practices.

Joodse bruiloft Rijksmuseum SK-A-2598
Joodse bruiloft Rijksmuseum SK-A-2598

In 1891, Edvard Westermarck defined marriage as a durable connection between a male and female that lasts beyond childbirth. By 1936, he revised this to define marriage as a relationship between one or more men and one or more women recognized by law or custom. Other researchers, like Kathleen Gough, focused on the legitimacy of offspring. Gough studied the Nuer people of Sudan, where "ghost marriages" allow women to act in a husband's role. Her work with the Nayar people of India showed that marriage could be defined by the legal status of children rather than sexual access alone.

Another way to understand marriage is as a collection of specific social and legal rights.

In 1955, Edmund Leach argued that no single definition fits every culture. He identified ten distinct types of rights associated with marriage. These include establishing a legal father or mother for a child. They also include rights regarding sexual monopoly between spouses. Furthermore, marriage can grant rights to a partner's domestic labor or control over their property. It can also establish a joint fund of property to benefit the children. Finally, marriage can create a socially significant relationship of affinity between a spouse and their partner's brothers.

Marriage types are often categorized by the number of spouses involved. Monogamy is a system where an individual has only one spouse at a time. In some Western nations, high divorce rates lead to serial monogamy. This occurs when individuals have multiple marriages over their lifetime but only one legal spouse at any single moment.

Legality of polygamy
Legality of polygamy

This process often creates new social roles, such as the "ex-spouse." These individuals may remain connected through alimony, child support, or shared custody. In some Caribbean and Brazilian societies, frequent rotation of partners is also observed.

Polygamy refers to a marriage involving more than two spouses.

Bride Groom NP
Bride Groom NP

When a man has multiple wives, the practice is called polygyny. When a woman has multiple husbands, it is called polyandry. If a marriage includes multiple husbands and wives together, it is called group marriage. Anthropologist Jack Goody found a strong link between farming methods and marriage types. He noted that intensive plough agriculture is often correlated with monogamy and dowry systems. In contrast, societies using hoe agriculture often show a correlation between bride price and polygamy.

Historical data suggests that marriage patterns have shifted alongside human development. Molecular genetic studies indicate that sexual polygyny was typical for human reproduction until sedentary farming began. This shift occurred approximately 10,000 to 5,000 years ago in Europe and Asia.

An Islamic wedding for a new Bride and groom
An Islamic wedding for a new Bride and groom

The term "marriage" itself appeared around 1300. It was borrowed from the Old French word "mariage," which traces back to the Latin "maritātus." The word "matrimony" is also a learned borrowing from Latin, derived from "māter," meaning mother. These linguistic roots highlight the long history of the institution.

Modern society continues to debate and redefine the parameters of marriage. There is a global trend toward ensuring equal rights for women within marital unions. Many jurisdictions are also showing greater tolerance for non-traditional couples. However, significant debates remain regarding the legal status of women and the criminalization of premarital sex. Issues such as dowry, bride price, and the legal age for marriage are still discussed worldwide. These evolving standards show how marriage remains a central, changing pillar of human social organization.

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File:Are married women required by law to obey their husbands., OWID.svg
Are married women required by law to obey...
File:Legality of polygamy.svg
Legality of polygamy.svg
File:Eg-filiation.svg
Eg-filiation.svg
File:Marriage symbol.svg
Marriage symbol.svg
File:People together.svg
People together.svg
File:Bisexuality symbol (bold, color).svg
Bisexuality symbol (bold, color).svg
File:Joodse bruiloft Rijksmuseum SK-A-2598.jpeg
Joodse bruiloft Rijksmuseum SK-A-2598.jpeg
File:Crowning in Syro-Malabar Nasrani Wedding by Mar Gregory Karotemprel.jpg
Crowning in Syro-Malabar Nasrani Wedding...
File:St Mary's Church, Kyoto.jpg
St Mary's Church, Kyoto.jpg
File:Assyrian wedding, Mechelen.jpg
Assyrian wedding, Mechelen.jpg
File:Jan Brueghel the Elder-Christus und die Ehebrecherin-AP.JPG
Jan Brueghel the Elder-Christus und die...
File:Nepalese marriage.jpg
Nepalese marriage.jpg

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