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Forced marriage

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Forced marriage occurs when one or more people enter a marriage without their consent. This means the person does not agree to the union or is forced to marry against their will. A marriage can also become forced if the people involved consent at first but are later compelled to stay. This practice differs from an arranged marriage. In an arranged marriage, parents or matchmakers help select a spouse, but the individuals can still reject the proposal.

V.V.Pukirev - The Arranged Marriage
V.V.Pukirev - The Arranged Marriage

Forced marriage often involves a continuum of coercion. This can range from subtle psychological pressure to outright physical violence.

Many international organizations view forced marriage as a violation of human rights. The United Nations states that the freedom to choose a spouse is central to human dignity. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights protects the autonomy of individuals in this way. The International Labour Organization also recognizes forced marriage as a form of modern slavery. Even the Roman Catholic Church requires free consent for a marriage to be considered valid.

Forced Marriage Unit campaign July 2012 (7555353844)
Forced Marriage Unit campaign July 2012 (7555353844)

Some scholars prefer different terms for this experience. They suggest using "forced conjugal association" or "conjugal slavery." They argue the word "marriage" implies a level of consent that is actually missing.

History shows that marriage customs have shifted significantly over many centuries. Until the 18th century, arranged marriages were common throughout the world. These often involved a legal transfer of a woman's dependency from her father to her groom. In the 19th century, the literary movement known as romanticism introduced progressive ideas about love. This helped society begin to accept the idea of marriage based on affection.

Oskar Shmerling. Free love (Forced marriage). Molla Nasreddin
Oskar Shmerling. Free love (Forced marriage). Molla Nasreddin

In the United States and the United Kingdom, child marriages were once common. Today, many consider child marriage to be a form of forced marriage. This is because young children cannot make fully informed choices about their lives.

Different groups have used forced marriage as a tool for specific political or social goals. The Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia used it to increase the population. They forced people into large ceremonies that could include as many as 160 couples. In these cases, village leaders chose the spouses, and parents were not allowed to participate.

Other instances occurred during times of conflict. The Special Court for Sierra Leone found that abducting women for marriage during war was a crime against humanity. Historically, forced marriage was also used to integrate captives into a community. For example, a blacksmith named John R. Jewitt was ordered to marry while a captive of the Nootka people between 1802 and 1805.

In the 20th century, many nations moved toward legal equality within marriage. This movement was part of a larger push for the emancipation of women. Between 1975 and 1979, many Western European countries overhauled their family laws. In 1977, West Germany gave women the right to work without a spouse's permission. This marked a shift from "housewife marriages" to marriages based on partnership.

Spain also made major changes, such as in 1981 when women could start legal proceedings without a husband's permission. Switzerland achieved full gender equality in marriage through a 1985 referendum.

Modern legal frameworks continue to address the complexities of marriage and consent. In 2013, the United Nations Human Rights Council adopted its first resolution against child, early, and forced marriages. This resolution noted that such practices prevent people from enjoying rights like education and health. The elimination of these practices is a target of United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5. These efforts aim to ensure that marriage is a choice made by free individuals.

Forced marriage to become a criminal offence (7351065160)
Forced marriage to become a criminal offence (7351065160)

The goal is to protect the right to the highest attainable standard of health and safety.

The study of forced marriage connects to many broader fields of study. It intersects with sociology, law, and human rights advocacy. Understanding the difference between arranged and forced marriage is vital for legal systems. It also involves looking at how economic status and property laws affect marriage. By studying these patterns, societies work to protect individual autonomy and equality for all people.

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🖼️ Images & Media (7)
File:Oskar Shmerling. Free love (Forced marriage). Molla Nasreddin.jpg
Oskar Shmerling. Free love (Forced...
File:V.V.Pukirev - The Arranged Marriage.jpg
V.V.Pukirev - The Arranged Marriage.jpg
File:Forced Marriage Unit campaign July 2012 (7555353844).jpg
Forced Marriage Unit campaign July 2012...
File:Marital rape laws by country.svg
Marital rape laws by country.svg
File:Forced marriage to become a criminal offence (7351065160).jpg
Forced marriage to become a criminal...
Jab'r ki Shaadi, 8 min, Urdu, Geo TV, 2003.webm
File:Forced Marriage Unit videos (7555347948).jpg
Forced Marriage Unit videos (7555347948).jpg
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