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Marco Polo

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Marco Polo was a Venetian merchant and explorer who changed how Europeans understood the world.

Marco Polo Mosaic from Palazzo Tursi
Marco Polo Mosaic from Palazzo Tursi

Born in Venice around 1254, he grew up learning the mercantile trade. This included studying foreign currency, appraising goods, and managing cargo ships. His father, Niccolò, and his uncle, Maffeo, were successful traders who had already traveled to Asia. They had met the Mongol ruler Kublai Khan before returning to Venice in 1269. At age seventeen, Marco joined them on an epic journey along the Silk Road. This expedition aimed to deliver letters from the Pope to the Great Khan.

LetterInnocenceToTartarKingAndPeople a
LetterInnocenceToTartarKingAndPeople a

The journey to Asia was a massive undertaking involving both sea and land travel. The Polos first sailed to Acre in the Holy Land. From there, they traveled to the Persian port of Hormuz to ride camels. They moved overland across vast distances to reach the palace in Shangdu, known as Cathay. By the time they arrived, Marco was twenty-one years old.

Caravane Marco Polo
Caravane Marco Polo

Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan dynasty, was impressed by Marco's intelligence and humility. Because of this, the Khan appointed Marco as a foreign emissary. This role allowed Marco to serve on many diplomatic missions throughout the empire and Southeast Asia. He visited regions such as present-day Myanmar, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam.

Marco spent seventeen years living within the lands of the Mongol Empire. During this time, he witnessed the immense wealth and scale of the Yuan dynasty. His observations provided Europeans with their first comprehensive look at China, Persia, India, and Japan. He saw many things that were previously unknown to people in the West. These included the use of paper money and the existence of gunpowder. He also recorded the use of porcelain and observed exotic animals and plants.

BNF Fr2810 f136v Frontispice Grant Kaan de Cathay
BNF Fr2810 f136v Frontispice Grant Kaan de Cathay

Because he often spoke of the millions in wealth belonging to Kublai Khan, he earned a nickname. He was called "Il Milione," which means "The Million."

VENEZIA MILION
VENEZIA MILION

After many years of service, the Polos were finally permitted to leave Asia around 1291. Their final duty for the Khan was to accompany a Mongol princess named Kököchin to Persia.

Kublai Khan meeting Marco Polo
Kublai Khan meeting Marco Polo

Upon arriving in Persia, they learned that Arghun Khan had died. After their duties were complete, the Polos traveled overland through Constantinople. They finally arrived back in Venice in 1295 after twenty-four years away. They returned with a massive fortune converted into various gemstones. However, their homecoming coincided with a war between Venice and the Republic of Genoa.

During a naval skirmish around 1296, Marco Polo was captured by the Genoans. While he was held as a prisoner, he met a cellmate named Rustichello da Pisa. Marco dictated the stories of his long travels to Rustichello. These stories were compiled into a book titled *The Travels of Marco Polo*.

Marco Polo, Il Milione, Chapter CXXIII and CXXIV Cropped
Marco Polo, Il Milione, Chapter CXXIII and CXXIV Cropped

The book was also known as *Book of the Marvels of the World*. It became a sensation as it spread throughout Europe in manuscript form. This book gave the Western world a detailed chronicle of Eastern geography and ethnic customs.

Marco was released from captivity in August 1299 and returned to his life in Venice. He became a wealthy merchant and married Donata Badoèr. They had three daughters named Fantina, Bellela, and Moreta.

Statue of Marco Polo
Statue of Marco Polo

He also reportedly observed a celestial event, which he described as a star shaped like a sack with a large tail. Astronomers believe this was likely a comet. Marco Polo died in 1324 and was buried in the church of San Lorenzo in Venice.

Chiesa di San Lorenzo
Chiesa di San Lorenzo

His legacy lived on through his writings and the influence he had on future generations.

The impact of Marco Polo's travels reached far beyond his own lifetime. His detailed accounts helped shape European cartography, influencing the creation of the Catalan Atlas and the Fra Mauro map.

Caravane Marco Polo
Caravane Marco Polo

His narratives served as a primary source of information about the East for centuries. Many famous explorers, including Christopher Columbus, were inspired by his stories of Asian riches. By documenting the complex systems of the Mongol Empire, Polo bridged the gap between two very different worlds. His life remains a fundamental chapter in the history of global exploration and trade.

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🖼️ Images & Media (15)
File:Memorials to Marco Polo - Casa Polo - Memorial plaque.jpg
Memorials to Marco Polo - Casa Polo -...
File:VENEZIA MILION.JPG
VENEZIA MILION.JPG
File:Marco Polo Mosaic from Palazzo Tursi.jpg
Marco Polo Mosaic from Palazzo Tursi.jpg
File:Caravane Marco Polo.jpg
Caravane Marco Polo.jpg
File:Chiesa di San Lorenzo.jpg
Chiesa di San Lorenzo.jpg
File:Kublai Khan meeting Marco Polo.png
Kublai Khan meeting Marco Polo.png
File:MarcoPoloStatueInHangzhou.JPG
MarcoPoloStatueInHangzhou.JPG
File:Marco Polo, Il Milione, Chapter CXXIII and CXXIV Cropped.jpg
Marco Polo, Il Milione, Chapter CXXIII...
File:BNF Fr2810 f136v Frontispice Grant Kaan de Cathay.jpeg
BNF Fr2810 f136v Frontispice Grant Kaan...
File:LetterInnocenceToTartarKingAndPeople a.jpg
LetterInnocenceToTartarKingAndPeople a.jpg
File:Guyuk khan's Stamp 1246.jpg
Guyuk khan's Stamp 1246.jpg
File:LetterArghunToNicholasIV1290VaticanArchives.jpg
LetterArghunToNicholasIV1290VaticanArchives.jpg

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