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Ibn Battuta

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Ibn Battuta was a famous Maghrebi Muslim traveler, explorer, and scholar.

Morocco Tangier BorjNaam
Morocco Tangier BorjNaam

He lived during the 14th century, born on February 24, 1304. His full name was Shams al-Din Abu ’Abdallah Muhammad ibn’Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Lawati al-Tanji ibn Battuta. This long name shows his family lineage. His family belonged to the Lawata, a Berber tribe clan. They were Islamic legal scholars, also known as qadis, in Morocco.

Yahyâ ibn Mahmûd al-Wâsitî 005
Yahyâ ibn Mahmûd al-Wâsitî 005

As a young man, he studied at a Sunni Maliki school. This was the main form of education in North Africa. Because of his training, he was often asked to serve as a religious judge.

His famous journeys began in 1325 when he was 21 years old.

Turkish - Tile with the Great Mosque of Mecca - Walters 481307 - View A
Turkish - Tile with the Great Mosque of Mecca - Walters 481307 - View A

He left his home in Tangier to perform a hajj. A hajj is a religious pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca. He wanted to learn about far-away lands and find adventure. He traveled overland along the North African coast. To stay safe from robbers, he usually joined a caravan. A caravan is a large group of travelers moving together. He did not return to Morocco for 24 years.

In 1326, he arrived at the port of Alexandria in the Mamluk empire.

OldtownSanaa
OldtownSanaa

There, he met two pious men who spoke of his destiny. One man, Sheikh Burhanuddin, told him he must visit India, Sind, and China. Another man, Sheikh Murshidi, interpreted a dream about his future travels. Ibn Battuta then traveled to Cairo, the capital of the Mamluk Sultanate. He chose a route to Mecca through Syria because a holy man prophesied it. This route was safe because Mamluk authorities protected the holy sites. He finally reached Mecca in November 1325 and earned the title El-Hajji.

After his pilgrimage, he explored much of the Middle East and Iran. In late 1326, he joined a caravan heading toward Iraq. He visited the mausoleum of Ali in Najaf. He then took a six-month detour into Iran to visit cities like Isfahan and Shiraz.

Bactrian camel in Kazakhstan
Bactrian camel in Kazakhstan

In June 1327, he arrived in Baghdad. Some parts of the city were still ruined from the Mongol invasion in 1258. He even joined a royal caravan belonging to the last Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate. He also traveled north on the Silk Road to the trading center of Tabriz.

Ibn Battuta also traveled extensively along the African coast.

Zeila, Somalia
Zeila, Somalia

He sailed from the Red Sea to Yemen and then toward Somalia. In 1332, he visited Mogadishu, which was a very prosperous city. He noted that the Somali sultan, Abu Bakr ibn Shaikh 'Umar, was fluent in both Somali and Arabic. The city was famous for exporting high-quality fabric to places like Egypt. He then sailed south to the Swahili coast. He visited the island town of Kilwa in present-day Tanzania.

GreatMosque
GreatMosque

He was impressed by its beautiful buildings and its Great Mosque made of coral stones.

His travels covered an incredible amount of distance.

The Great Wall of China at Jinshanling
The Great Wall of China at Jinshanling

Ibn Battuta traveled about 75,000 miles during his 30 years of exploration. This is much more than the famous explorer Marco Polo traveled. He also traveled more than Zheng He, another great explorer. His journeys took him across Africa, Asia, and the Iberian Peninsula. He saw many different cultures, religions, and political systems. His travels provide a massive record of the pre-modern world.

Near the end of his life, he shared his experiences through writing.

Historic copy of selected parts of the Travel Report by Ibn Battuta, 1836 CE, Cairo
Historic copy of selected parts of the Travel Report by Ibn Battuta, 1836 CE, Cairo

He dictated his stories to be written down in a book. This book is called the Rihla. Its full title is "A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling." The Rihla is a vital source for historians today. It helps us understand how people lived and traded long ago. Because of his detailed accounts, he is remembered as one of history's greatest travelers.

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🖼️ Images & Media (17)
File:Yahyâ ibn Mahmûd al-Wâsitî 005.jpg
Yahyâ ibn Mahmûd al-Wâsitî 005.jpg
File:Turkish - Tile with the Great Mosque of Mecca - Walters 481307 - View A.jpg
Turkish - Tile with the Great Mosque of...
File:OldtownSanaa.JPG
OldtownSanaa.JPG
File:Zeila, Somalia.jpg
Zeila, Somalia.jpg
File:GreatMosque.jpg
GreatMosque.jpg
File:Андроник III Палеолог.jpg
Андроник III Палеолог.jpg
File:Bactrian camel in Kazakhstan.jpg
Bactrian camel in Kazakhstan.jpg
File:Golden Horde flag 1339.svg
Golden Horde flag 1339.svg
File:Feroze Sha's tomb with adjoining Madrasa.JPG
Feroze Sha's tomb with adjoining Madrasa.JPG
File:Darbar Hazrat Baba Farid ud Deen Ganj Shakar Rahmatullah Alaih - panoramio.jpg
Darbar Hazrat Baba Farid ud Deen Ganj...
File:The Great Wall of China at Jinshanling.jpg
The Great Wall of China at Jinshanling.jpg
File:Ventanas con arabescos en la Alhambra.JPG
Ventanas con arabescos en la Alhambra.JPG

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