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Macaw

life science Maturity 11-13 Next article →

Macaws are a group of large, colorful parrots belonging to the tribe Arini. These birds are native to Central America, South America, and Mexico. They are also found in the Caribbean, though they no longer live there. Most macaw species live in forests, but some prefer woodland or savannah habitats. They are well-known in aviculture, which is the practice of keeping birds in captivity. However, many species face serious conservation concerns in the wild today.

Ara macao, Ara ararauna and Ara militaris
Ara macao, Ara ararauna and Ara militaris

Physically, macaws are distinguished from other parrots by specific traits. They possess proportionately larger beaks and long tails. Most species also have a medial facial patch, which is a relatively bare area of light-colored skin. In the genus Anodorhynchus, this patch might be smaller or limited to a yellow area around the eyes. Interestingly, a macaw's facial feather pattern is as unique as a human fingerprint. Macaws are also zygodactyl. This means their first and fourth toes point backward, helping them grip surfaces.

There are 19 recognized species of macaws, ranging greatly in size. The largest are the hyacinth, Buffon's, and green-winged macaws. Conversely, the "mini-macaws" of the genera Cyanopsitta, Orthopsittaca, and Primolius are significantly smaller. The smallest is the red-shouldered macaw, which is no larger than some parakeets. The six genera classified as macaws are Ara, Anodorhynchus, Cyanopsitta, Primolius, Orthopsittaca, and Diopsittaca. Scientists previously placed Primolius in the genus Propyrrhura, but current rules have reassigned them.

Glaucous Macaw
Glaucous Macaw

Human history is deeply connected to these birds. Prehistoric Native Americans in the American Southwest farmed macaws in establishments called "feather factories." In pre-Columbian civilizations like the Inca, Wari', and Nazca, macaw feathers were highly desired. These bright feathers were used for adornment and found in ceremonial or burial sites. South American weavers also used them to create textiles, such as feathered panels and tabards. Because feathers are fragile, many of these ancient pieces have deteriorated over time.

Anonimo portoghese, carta navale per le isole nuovamente trovate in la parte dell'india (de cantino), 1501-02 (bibl. estense) 03
Anonimo portoghese, carta navale per le isole nuovamente trovate in la parte dell'india (de cantino), 1501-02 (bibl. estense) 03

Conservation is a major priority for macaw survival. The majority of species are now endangered, and some are extinct. For example, the Spix's macaw is likely extinct in the wild, and the glaucous macaw may also be extinct. The primary threats are rapid deforestation and illegal trapping for the bird trade. To manage this, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) regulates trade. The scarlet macaw is listed in CITES Appendix I, meaning commercial trade is prohibited. The red-shouldered macaw is in Appendix II, allowing controlled commercial trade with specific permits.

Glaucous Macaw
Glaucous Macaw

Macaws have a diverse diet including seeds, nuts, fruits, leaves, and flowers. In the western Amazon, they exhibit a fascinating behavior called geophagy, or eating earth. They descend to exposed river banks, known as clay licks, to consume clay. While some thought they did this to neutralize toxins, researcher Donald Brightsmith found a different reason. His studies in Peru suggest macaws eat clay to obtain sodium. Sodium is a vital element that is scarce far from the ocean.

Parrots at a clay lick -Tambopata National Reserve, Peru-8c
Parrots at a clay lick -Tambopata National Reserve, Peru-8c

This clay-eating behavior is highly specific to certain environments. The largest and most species-rich clay licks are in the western Amazon, far from oceanic influences. Since salt-enriched aerosols from the ocean decrease far inland, the clay provides necessary minerals. Brightsmith also noted a correlation between clay-lick use and the breeding season. Even nestling crops show high percentages of clay fed to them by parents. Some researchers also suggest the clay might be a source of cobalamin, also known as vitamin B12.

Parrots at a clay lick -Tambopata National Reserve, Peru-8c
Parrots at a clay lick -Tambopata National Reserve, Peru-8c

In captivity, macaws are sometimes hybridized for the pet trade. This often involves crossing different species to create new color patterns. Common hybrids include the harlequin, the miligold macaw, and the Catalina. Interestingly, aviculturists have noted an over-abundance of female blue-and-yellow macaws in captivity. This differs from the general rule where males are usually more abundant in captive populations. This specific trend has helped drive the hybridization of the blue-and-gold macaw.

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🖼️ Images & Media (5)
File:Glaucous Macaw.jpg
Glaucous Macaw.jpg
File:Ara macao, Ara ararauna and Ara militaris.jpg
Ara macao, Ara ararauna and Ara militaris.jpg
File:Ara ararauna and Ara glaucogularis -captive in Canada-8a.jpg
Ara ararauna and Ara glaucogularis...
File:Anonimo portoghese, carta navale per le isole nuovamente trovate in la parte dell'india (de cantino), 1501-02 (bibl. estense) 03.jpg
Anonimo portoghese, carta navale per le...
File:Parrots at a clay lick -Tambopata National Reserve, Peru-8c.jpg
Parrots at a clay lick -Tambopata...
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