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Parrot

life science Maturity 7-9 Next article →

Parrots belong to the order Psittaciformes. They are highly intelligent birds known for their curved beaks and clawed feet. There are roughly 410 species within 101 different genera. Most parrots live in tropical or subtropical regions. However, some species can also be found in temperate areas. The highest diversity of these birds is in South America and Australasia.

Ara chloropterus -Bioparc Zoo de Doue la Fontaine-8a
Ara chloropterus -Bioparc Zoo de Doue la Fontaine-8a

The physical structure of a parrot is very specialized. Their most obvious feature is a strong, curved, and broad bill. The upper mandible, or the top part of the beak, is not fused to the skull. This allows the beak to move independently. This movement creates tremendous biting pressure. For example, a large macaw has a bite force similar to a large dog.

Inside the beak, there is a "bill tip organ." This organ contains touch receptors that allow for dexterous manipulation. Their tongues also have similar touch receptors. This helps them position nuts and seeds for cracking.

Sunconurepuzzle
Sunconurepuzzle

Parrots are divided into four main families. The first is Psittaculidae, which includes Old World parrots. This group contains the lories, lorikeets, and budgerigars. The second family is Psittacidae, which includes African and New World parrots. The third is Cacatuidae, the family of cockatoos. These birds are known for having a movable head crest. The fourth family is Strigopidae, which contains parrots from New Zealand. This includes the flightless, critically endangered kākāpō.

Eclectus roratus-20030511
Eclectus roratus-20030511
Keas perch on snowy mountain
Keas perch on snowy mountain

Scientists use molecular studies to understand parrot evolution. These studies suggest parrots evolved about 59 million years ago. They likely originated in the ancient landmass of Gondwana. Some fossils were once thought to be much older. A fossil from Wyoming was once thought to be 70 million years old. However, researchers now believe it was actually a caenagnathid oviraptorosaur. This was a non-avian dinosaur with a birdlike beak. The first undisputed parrot fossils are from tropical Eocene Europe. These fossils date back to approximately 50 million years ago.

UCMP 143274
UCMP 143274
Cyrilavis colburnorum FMNH specimen
Cyrilavis colburnorum FMNH specimen

Parrots exhibit a unique way of moving called tripedalism. They are the only creatures that display true tripedalism. They use their necks and beaks as extra limbs. This helps them climb vertical surfaces. The force they generate with their beaks can equal or exceed the force primates use to climb. They can even travel using cyclical tripedal gaits while climbing.

Ara macao -on a small bicycle-8
Ara macao -on a small bicycle-8

Diet and size vary greatly across the order. Most parrots eat seeds, nuts, fruit, and buds. Some species are specialized, like lories that eat floral nectar. Size is also very diverse. The buff-faced pygmy parrot is very small and light. In contrast, the hyacinth macaw is quite large.

PANTANAL-MT 001
PANTANAL-MT 001

Most parrots nest in tree hollows. They lay white eggs. From these eggs, helpless, or altricial, young hatch.

Rose-ringed Parakeet (Psittacula krameri), Parc de Woluwe, Brussels, Belgium
Rose-ringed Parakeet (Psittacula krameri), Parc de Woluwe, Brussels, Belgium

Human interaction has a major impact on parrot populations. As of 2021, about 50 million parrots lived in captivity. This represents half of all known parrot species. Most of these live as pets in homes.

Pet parrots in Cuba
Pet parrots in Cuba

However, wild populations face many threats. Habitat loss and hunting are major problems. Invasive species also create competition. One-third of all parrot species are currently threatened by extinction. This makes them more at risk than any other comparable bird group.

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🖼️ Images & Media (22)
File:UCMP 143274.png
UCMP 143274.png
File:Cyrilavis colburnorum FMNH specimen.jpg
Cyrilavis colburnorum FMNH specimen.jpg
File:Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) feeding on palm nuts ... - Flickr - berniedup.jpg
Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus...
File:Ara chloropterus -Bioparc Zoo de Doue la Fontaine-8a.jpg
Ara chloropterus -Bioparc Zoo de Doue la...
File:Eclectus roratus-20030511.jpg
Eclectus roratus-20030511.jpg
File:Cachaña.jpg
Cachaña.jpg
File:Keas perch on snowy mountain.jpg
Keas perch on snowy mountain.jpg
File:Agapornis nigrigenis - head and shoulders (cropped).jpg
Agapornis nigrigenis - head and shoulders...
File:Rainbow lorikeet and Aloe sp Brisbane Botanic Gardens Mt Coot-tha P1030135.jpg
Rainbow lorikeet and Aloe sp Brisbane...
Yellow-tailed Black-Cockatoo kobble08.ogv
File:Parrots at a clay lick -Tambopata National Reserve, Peru-8d.jpg
Parrots at a clay lick -Tambopata...
File:Rose-ringed Parakeet (Psittacula krameri), Parc de Woluwe, Brussels, Belgium.jpg
Rose-ringed Parakeet (Psittacula...

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