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Amazon parrot

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Amazon parrots are medium-to-large birds belonging to the genus Amazona. They are members of the order Psittaciformes and the family Psittacidae, which are known as true parrots. These birds are native to the Neotropical Americas, spanning from Mexico through the Caribbean to South America. Most species are predominantly green with vivid accent colors on their faces or wings. They are characterized by short, rounded tails and heavy, powerful beaks.

Amazona pretrei -bird cage-8c
Amazona pretrei -bird cage-8c

The biology of an Amazon parrot is quite intense. An average parrot maintains a body temperature of 41.8 °C (107.1 °F). Their hearts beat rapidly, ranging from 340 to 600 beats per minute. Their breathing rate is also high, at 15 to 45 breaths per minute. Most species do not show sexual dimorphism, meaning males and females look similar. However, the turquoise-fronted amazon is an exception. It shows sexual dimorphism when viewed through the ultraviolet spectrum, which is invisible to humans.

Feeding is a specialized process for these birds. They primarily consume seeds, nuts, fruits, berries, nectar, and flowers. They also eat buds and leafy matter. Their heavy beaks are designed to crack hard nut shells with ease. To assist with eating, they use a foot to hold their food. In the wild, mainland parrots typically forage and feed their young twice a day. This usually happens one hour after sunrise and ninety minutes before sunset. West Indian amazons feed more frequently, doing so four or five times daily.

There are approximately 30 species within the Amazona genus. These include the Cuban amazon, the festive amazon, and the red-necked amazon. Some species groups have complicated classifications. For example, the taxonomy of the yellow-crowned amazon complex is disputed. Some authorities see it as one species, while others split it into three. This split is based on the color of the bill, legs, and yellow plumage. Other species, like the blue-winged amazon, have been proposed but remain questioned by scientists. Some researchers believe certain proposed species might actually be artificial hybrids.

History shows how humans have named and studied these birds. The French naturalist René Lesson introduced the genus Amazona in 1830. Later, the Italian zoologist Tommaso Salvadori designated the mealy amazon as the type species in 1891. The genus name is a Latinized version of "Amazone." This name was given by the Comte de Buffon in the 18th century. He mistakenly believed these birds were native to the Amazonian jungles.

Amazona pretrei -bird cage-8c
Amazona pretrei -bird cage-8c

Amazon parrots are highly social and communicative animals. They often travel in large groups and practice clumped nesting. Many species, such as the orange-winged amazon, use many different vocalizations. In the wild, some birds even use vocal dialects. A dialect is a specific set of calls used by a geographic group. This is similar to how humans use different languages. In captivity, many amazons mimic human speech and enjoy music. They are popular pets, but they require significant training and mental stimulation.

Conservation is a major concern for these birds. As of June 2020, 18 of the 31 species (58%) were listed as threatened or extinct in the wild. The primary threats include habitat loss, the pet trade, and the introduction of new species. The Puerto Rican amazon is critically endangered. Some smugglers even bleach the heads of green parrots to make them look yellow for sale. This causes a skin condition called dermatitis. However, some species are recovering. The Cuban amazon has seen a large increase in population due to successful conservation efforts.

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File:Amazona pretrei -bird cage-8c.jpg
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