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Louis XVIII

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Louis XVIII was the King of France from 1814 to 1824.

Louis XVIII in 1814
Louis XVIII in 1814

His birth name was Louis Stanislas Xavier. He was born on November 17, 1755, at the Palace of Versailles. He was a member of the Bourbon family. His grandfather was the reigning King Louis XV. Because of his family status, he was known as a Fils de France. He also held the title of Count of Provence. This title was used before he became king.

Louis received a very deep and religious education. He was an intelligent boy who excelled in the classics. Several priests served as his teachers. These included the Bishop of Limoges and the Abbé Jean-Antoine Nollet. His governor, La Vauguyon, taught him how to reason correctly. He was also taught to know how to work and how to withdraw himself. By age 15, he had his own independent household. This household was quite extravagant. In 1773, he employed 390 servants.

François hubert drouais - duque berry conde provença
François hubert drouais - duque berry conde provença

In 1771, Louis married Princess Maria Giuseppina of Savoy.

The wedding ceremony took place at the Palace of Versailles. The marriage was not a happy one for the couple. Biographers suggest different reasons for their distance. Some suggest he was unable to have children. Others suggest he disliked his wife's personal hygiene. The couple had two pregnancies that ended in miscarriages. Because of this, the marriage remained childless. Louis later took a mistress named Anne Nompar de Caumont, Countess of Balbi. He even built a pavilion for her at Versailles.

Duplessis - Marie Joséphine of Savoy in a turquoise dress
Duplessis - Marie Joséphine of Savoy in a turquoise dress

Life changed greatly when his brother, Louis XVI, became king. Louis Stanislas was known as Monsieur during this time. He wanted to have more political influence. However, he felt he was in a political limbo for 12 years. He spent much of his time reading a vast library of 11,000 books. He also faced significant financial problems. He incurred debts totaling 10 million livres. His brother, the King, eventually paid these debts.

Duplessis - The Count of Provence (future Louis XVIII), Musée Condé
Duplessis - The Count of Provence (future Louis XVIII), Musée Condé

The French Revolution forced Louis into a long exile. In 1791, he left France to avoid the political unrest. He spent 23 years living in other countries. He lived in Prussia, Great Britain, and Russia.

Hartwell House, Bucks
Hartwell House, Bucks

In 1792, the National Convention abolished the French monarchy. They deposed Louis XVI, who was later executed. When his nephew, Louis XVII, died in prison in 1795, Louis claimed the throne. He began using the name Louis XVIII. He waited many years to actually rule France.

Louis finally returned to power in 1814. This happened after the Sixth Coalition defeated Napoleon.

Louis XVIII in 1814
Louis XVIII in 1814

His rule was interrupted by the Hundred Days. Napoleon escaped from his exile on Elba and returned to France. A Seventh Coalition then fought Napoleon again. They defeated him at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.

Battle of Waterloo 1815
Battle of Waterloo 1815

After this defeat, Louis XVIII was restored to the throne. He ruled as a constitutional monarch. This was different from the absolute monarchy of the past.

Simple gold crown
Simple gold crown

His government used the Charter of 1814. This document acted as a new constitution for France. It reduced the royal prerogative, which is the king's special power. His reign saw the rise of different political groups. There were the Ultra-royalists and the liberal Doctrinaires. He also saw the formation of the Quintuple Alliance. Louis XVIII died on September 16, 1824. He had no children to inherit his throne. His brother, Charles X, became the next king. Louis was the last reigning monarch of France to die while in power.

Simple silver crown
Simple silver crown
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🖼️ Images & Media (16)
File:François hubert drouais - duque berry conde provença.jpg
François hubert drouais - duque berry...
File:Duplessis - Marie Joséphine of Savoy in a turquoise dress.jpg
Duplessis - Marie Joséphine of Savoy in a...
File:Duplessis - The Count of Provence (future Louis XVIII), Musée Condé.jpg
Duplessis - The Count of Provence (future...
File:Marie Josephine de Savoie.png
Marie Josephine de Savoie.png
File:Joseph Boze (1745-1826) - Louis-Stanislas-Xavier (1755–1824), comte de Provence, Later Louis XVIII, King of France - 1548061 - National Trust.jpg
Joseph Boze (1745-1826) -...
File:Pils Jelgava.jpg
Pils Jelgava.jpg
File:Biały_Dom_w_Łazienkach_Królewskich_2023.jpg
Biały_Dom_w_Łazienkach_Królewskich_2023.jpg
File:Hartwell House, Bucks.jpg
Hartwell House, Bucks.jpg
File:Louis XVIII relevant la France.jpg
Louis XVIII relevant la France.jpg
File:Louis XVIII in 1814.jpg
Louis XVIII in 1814.jpg
File:Battle of Waterloo 1815.PNG
Battle of Waterloo 1815.PNG
File:Cruikshank - Old Bumblehead.png
Cruikshank - Old Bumblehead.png

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