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Land reclamation

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Land reclamation is the process of creating new land from oceans, seas, riverbeds, or lake beds. This technique allows societies to expand their physical footprint where natural land is scarce. The resulting areas are often called reclaimed land, reclamation ground, or land fill. It is important to distinguish this from a waste landfill, which is used for trash.

Xinghai Square
Xinghai Square

While the term "reclamation" is sometimes called a misnomer, it is widely used to describe this transformation of water into usable ground. This process is vital for growing cities and modern infrastructure.

Engineers use several distinct methods to achieve land reclamation. One common method is called infilling. This involves filling a specific area with large amounts of heavy rock or cement. Workers then add layers of clay and dirt until the ground reaches the desired height.

East Coast Park Panorama, Mar 06
East Coast Park Panorama, Mar 06

Another approach is land dredging. This process uses machinery to remove sediments and debris from the bottom of a body of water. Dredging is often used to maintain reclaimed land masses because sedimentation naturally fills harbors and channels.

Other specialized techniques address specific environmental needs. For example, draining submerged wetlands is a frequent method used to reclaim land specifically for agricultural use. In cases where the materials being moved might be contaminated, engineers use deep cement mixing. This method helps contain displaced materials during the dredging or draining process. These various methods allow humans to shape the coastline to suit specific economic or residential needs.

Humans have practiced land reclamation for thousands of years. In ancient Egypt, rulers of the Twelfth Dynasty undertook schemes around 2000 to 1800 BC. They constructed levees and canals to connect the Faiyum with the Bahr Yussef waterway. This diverted water to create new farmland from reclaimed areas. Similarly, the Greek Copaic Basin used dams and drainage canals during the Middle Helladic Period.

In 1612, the Beemster Polder project added land in the Netherlands. Later, the Praya Reclamation Scheme in Hong Kong was a major colonial-era project in 1890.

Modern reclamation projects often reach massive scales. The Flevopolder in the Netherlands is currently the largest reclaimed artificial island in the world.

In Singapore, reclamation has significantly changed the nation's geography. The size of Singapore increased by 25% between 1960 and 2019. Its land area grew from 581.5 square kilometers to 725.7 square kilometers. This growth helps provide more homes and common spaces in a land-scarce city-state.

Many global cities rely on these methods for their very existence. Mumbai, India, was formed by joining the Seven Islands of Bombay through projects like the Hornby Vellard. This process took over 150 years to complete. In the United States, much of the urbanized area near San Francisco Bay sits on reclaimed land.

bay area fill
bay area fill

This includes the Financial District and San Francisco International Airport. Other notable examples include the entire district of Fontvieille in Monaco.

Fontvieille harbour
Fontvieille harbour

Reclamation connects to broader themes of urban planning and environmental management. Large-scale infrastructure, such as the Hong Kong or Kansai International Airports, depends on these engineered land masses.

Boeing 747-467, Cathay Pacific Airways JP10362
Boeing 747-467, Cathay Pacific Airways JP10362

However, the process can also impact delicate ecosystems. For instance, the Forest City project in Malaysia became controversial because it reclaimed wetlands that are internationally important. As cities continue to expand, the balance between creating new space and protecting natural habitats remains a central challenge for engineers and planners worldwide.

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🖼️ Images & Media (11)
File:Perth1964.jpg
Perth1964.jpg
File:Boeing 747-467, Cathay Pacific Airways JP10362.jpg
Boeing 747-467, Cathay Pacific Airways JP10362.jpg
File:Xinghai Square .jpg
Xinghai Square .jpg
File:East Coast Park Panorama, Mar 06.jpg
East Coast Park Panorama, Mar 06.jpg
File:Satellite image of Flevopolder, Netherlands (5.48E 52.43N).png
Satellite image of Flevopolder,...
File:View from Nokia Beirut.jpg
View from Nokia Beirut.jpg
File:Fontvieille harbour.JPG
Fontvieille harbour.JPG
File:Newly-reclaimed foreshore areas in Coron, Palawan, Philippines as seen from Mt. Tapyas.jpg
Newly-reclaimed foreshore areas in Coron,...
File:Bingzhou Peninsula area - land reclamation - DSCF9204.JPG
Bingzhou Peninsula area - land...
File:bay area fill.jpg
bay area fill.jpg
File:Hong Kong Reclamation Map.png
Hong Kong Reclamation Map.png
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