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Harbor

geography Maturity 11-13 Next article →

A harbor is a sheltered body of water. It provides a safe place for ships, boats, and barges to be moored. This protection from the open sea is very important for maritime activities. People often use the word "port" when talking about harbors. A port is a man-made facility. It is specifically built for loading and unloading vessels. Ports also serve as places for passengers to get on or off ships.

Carry Le Rouet harbour in France
Carry Le Rouet harbour in France

Some locations contain multiple harbors within a single port. For example, Alexandria Port in Egypt features two distinct harbors.

Harbors are classified as either natural or artificial. A natural harbor is a landform where the land surrounds a section of water. This shape protects the area from rough waves. These harbors must be deep enough to allow for safe anchorage. Many natural harbors are categorized as rias.

PortJackson 2004 SeanMcClean
PortJackson 2004 SeanMcClean

An artificial harbor is constructed by humans. Engineers often build breakwaters, sea walls, or jetties to create shelter. They may also use a process called dredging. Dredging involves digging out the bottom of the water to increase depth.

Jebel Ali Port 2 Imresolt
Jebel Ali Port 2 Imresolt

This process requires periodic maintenance to keep the water deep enough for modern ships.

Artificial harbors are frequently designed to function as ports. Long Beach Harbor in California is a notable example. Before the early 20th century, it consisted of salt marshes and tidal flats. It was too shallow for large merchant ships until it was dredged.

Jebel Ali Port 2 Imresolt
Jebel Ali Port 2 Imresolt

Other major artificial ports include the Port of Casablanca in Morocco and the Port of Koper in Slovenia. The largest artificially created harbor in the world is Jebel Ali in Dubai.

Jebel Ali Port 2 Imresolt
Jebel Ali Port 2 Imresolt

Human engineering allows these massive structures to support global trade.

Humans have been constructing harbors for thousands of years. The oldest known artificial harbor is at Wadi al-Jarf. This site is located on the Red Sea coast in Egypt. It dates back at least 4,500 years to the reign of King Khufu.

Port of Piraeus Panoramic View
Port of Piraeus Panoramic View

Ancient civilizations also developed unique harbor styles. The Carthaginians built fortified, artificial harbors known as cothons. These structures provided both economic utility and military defense.

Natural harbors have immense strategic and economic value. Because they offer calm water, many great cities are located on them.

Montevideouruguaynasa
Montevideouruguaynasa

Examples of large natural harbors include Sydney Harbour in Australia and Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong.

ANTARA FOTO-Eric Ireng TERMINAL PETIKEMAS SURABAYA
ANTARA FOTO-Eric Ireng TERMINAL PETIKEMAS SURABAYA

In the United States, New York Harbor is a major coastal feature.

Lower Manhattan Areal April 2013b
Lower Manhattan Areal April 2013b

Other significant natural sites include Halifax Harbour in Canada and Mumbai in India. These locations provide stable environments for maritime growth.

In polar regions, the state of the water is a critical factor. Harbors near the North and South Poles are most useful when they are ice-free.

harbour.clovelly.arp.750pix
harbour.clovelly.arp.750pix

Several harbors in Russia, such as Murmansk and Nakhodka, are important in these cold climates. The southernmost harbor is located at Winter Quarters Bay in Antarctica. This harbor sits at 77° 50′ South. It can be ice-free depending on the summertime pack ice conditions. This allows for limited access even in the extreme south.

Global maritime activity is measured by the movement of goods. In 2017, the Port of Ningbo-Zhoushan was the world's busiest harbor by cargo tonnage.

Mk Stettin Hafen2
Mk Stettin Hafen2

This shows the massive scale of modern shipping. Harbors connect different parts of the world through complex systems of trade. They range from tiny locations like Clovelly in England to massive industrial hubs.

harbour.clovelly.arp.750pix
harbour.clovelly.arp.750pix

Whether natural or man-made, they remain essential to human civilization.

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🖼️ Images & Media (16)
File:Lower Manhattan Areal April 2013b.jpg
Lower Manhattan Areal April 2013b.jpg
File:Jebel Ali Port 2 Imresolt.jpg
Jebel Ali Port 2 Imresolt.jpg
File:Carry Le Rouet harbour in France.jpg
Carry Le Rouet harbour in France.jpg
File:Montevideouruguaynasa.jpg
Montevideouruguaynasa.jpg
File:Capri harbour from Anacapri 2013.jpg
Capri harbour from Anacapri 2013.jpg
File:Koyilandy harbour 03720.jpg
Koyilandy harbour 03720.jpg
File:ANTARA FOTO-Eric Ireng TERMINAL PETIKEMAS SURABAYA.jpg
ANTARA FOTO-Eric Ireng TERMINAL PETIKEMAS...
File:harbour.clovelly.arp.750pix.jpg
harbour.clovelly.arp.750pix.jpg
File:Skillshare, Alter Hafen Lüneburg.jpg
Skillshare, Alter Hafen Lüneburg.jpg
File:Port of Piraeus Panoramic View.JPG
Port of Piraeus Panoramic View.JPG
File:PortJackson 2004 SeanMcClean.jpg
PortJackson 2004 SeanMcClean.jpg
File:Gorey Harbour at low tide.JPG
Gorey Harbour at low tide.JPG

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