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Land mine

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A land mine is a type of explosive weapon. It is often hidden under the ground or camouflaged.

Anti personnel mine
Anti personnel mine

These weapons are designed to destroy or disable targets. There are two main types of land mines. Anti-tank mines are built to stop large vehicles. Anti-personnel mines are designed to injure or kill people.

Because they are hard to see, they are very dangerous. They can be laid in large groups to create a minefield. This makes a whole area unsafe to cross.

Most mines work through a process called pressure activation. This means they explode automatically when stepped on. They can also explode when a heavy vehicle drives over them.

Mine-components
Mine-components

The explosion causes damage in a few different ways. It can use a direct blast effect. It can also throw small pieces called fragments. Some mines use both the blast and the fragments. Other devices, called booby-traps, work differently. They explode when someone disturbs a seemingly safe object.

Smine-diagram
Smine-diagram

People have used ground defenses for a very long time. In the ancient Roman Empire, soldiers used hazards like lilia. These were pits with sharpened logs inside.

Roman caltrop
Roman caltrop

Romans also used caltrops to slow down enemies. A caltrop is a metal tool with four sharp spikes. One spike always points up when it is thrown. In China, gunpowder was used for mines by the 10th century.

火龍經 明朝 焦玉二 13
火龍經 明朝 焦玉二 13

A 14th-century book called the Huolongjing describes these early weapons.

Science helped make these weapons much more powerful over time. In 1846, Christian Schonbein invented guncotton. It was four times stronger than gunpowder.

Minenraeum anzug
Minenraeum anzug

Later, Alfred Nobel created dynamite using nitroglycerine. This was a very strong explosive. In 1863, the German chemical industry made TNT. TNT was very useful for land mines. It was lightweight and stayed safe even when it was damp.

Panzermine im Schnitt
Panzermine im Schnitt

These changes made mines much more effective in war.

Today, the use of land mines is a big global debate. They are controversial because they can hurt civilians. They can also remain dangerous many years after a war ends.

Minefield warning
Minefield warning

To help, many countries joined the Ottawa Treaty in 1997. This treaty aims to stop the use and production of mines.

Ottawa Treaty members
Ottawa Treaty members

So far, 164 nations have signed this agreement. However, the United States, Russia, and China have not signed it. This shows how difficult it is to solve the problem.

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🖼️ Images & Media (20)
File:Mines 501556 fh000026.jpg
Mines 501556 fh000026.jpg
File:Minen.jpg
Minen.jpg
File:Roman caltrop.jpg
Roman caltrop.jpg
File:火龍經 明朝 焦玉二 13.jpg
火龍經 明朝 焦玉二 13.jpg
File:武備志 茅元儀 明朝 火器五 34.jpg
武備志 茅元儀 明朝 火器五 34.jpg
File:Smine-diagram.jpg
Smine-diagram.jpg
File:German - Schu-Mine with Z.Z. 42 igniter.jpg
German - Schu-Mine with Z.Z. 42 igniter.jpg
File:US M18a1 claymore mine.jpg
US M18a1 claymore mine.jpg
File:L9 Bar mine.jpg
L9 Bar mine.jpg
File:Panzermine im Schnitt.jpg
Panzermine im Schnitt.jpg
File:Mine-components.jpg
Mine-components.jpg
File:Landmine anti-handling devices.png
Landmine anti-handling devices.png

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