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Kentucky

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Kentucky is a landlocked state located in the Southeastern United States.

Map of Kentucky NA (cropped)
Map of Kentucky NA (cropped)

It is part of a region known as the Upland South. The Ohio River forms the state's northern border. Kentucky shares borders with several other states. To the north, it touches Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. West Virginia lies to the northeast, and Virginia is to the east. Tennessee sits to the south, while Missouri is to the west.

KYphysiography
KYphysiography

As of 2024, the state has a population of approximately 4.6 million people. Its capital city is Frankfort, and its most populous city is Louisville.

KY Governors Mansion
KY Governors Mansion

The history of human occupation in Kentucky began a very long time ago. The earliest archaeological evidence shows the Clovis culture lived there around 9500 BCE. These people were primitive hunter-gatherers who used stone tools. Around 1800 BCE, the economy began transitioning toward agriculturalism. By 900 CE, two distinct cultures emerged in the region. The Mississippian culture took root in western and central Kentucky. Meanwhile, the Fort Ancient culture appeared in eastern Kentucky.

Otter Creek Park 2
Otter Creek Park 2

While these groups were similar, the Mississippians built distinctive ceremonial earthwork mounds. The Fort Ancient people relied on crops like corn, beans, and squash. They used smart farming methods to prevent ecological degradation. This included rotating crops and burning forest sections to create habitats for wild game. They also moved villages every 10 to 30 years to maintain the land.

By the 16th century, Kentucky was home to diverse linguistic groups. The Kispoko, an Algonquian-speaking tribe, controlled much of the state's interior. During the 17th century, French explorers documented many different tribes. However, the Beaver Wars of the 1640s to 1680s caused major changes. These conflicts pushed groups like the Maumee out of Michigan and into Kentucky. This movement pushed the Kispoko east and caused wars with the Tutelo. Eventually, the Kispoko merged with the Shawnee people. Some early settlers incorrectly claimed Native Americans only used Kentucky as a hunting ground. In reality, they had left permanent settlements due to social turmoil and European diseases. These diseases had destabilized indigenous groups by the 18th century.

European exploration and settlement followed later. While some explorers may have visited as early as 1671, there is uncertainty about early English explorers. Thomas Walker and Christopher Gist surveyed the area in 1750 and 1751. Permanent European settlement began with Harrod's Town in 1775. This followed the founding of Harrod's Town by James Harrod in 1774. The legendary Daniel Boone also made famous expeditions through the Cumberland Gap. Kentucky was originally part of the Colony of Virginia. Residents petitioned for independence many times. After several constitutional conventions in Danville, Kentucky was admitted as the fifteenth state. This happened on June 1, 1792.

Kentucky Statehood 150th Anniversary, 3c, 1942 issue
Kentucky Statehood 150th Anniversary, 3c, 1942 issue

Isaac Shelby served as the first governor.

The state's economy has changed significantly over the centuries. In the past, fertile soil in the central and western parts supported large tobacco plantations. These plantations utilized enslaved labor before the Thirteenth Amendment was passed. Today, the economy is much more diverse. Kentucky is a major center for automobile manufacturing. The state ranks fourth among U.S. states for the number of automobiles and trucks assembled.

2012 Toyota Camry SE -- 02-29-2012
2012 Toyota Camry SE -- 02-29-2012

Other important sectors include energy production and medicine. Agriculture remains a vital part of life as well. Kentucky ranks fifth nationally in goat farming and eighth in beef cattle production.

Ford F-150 XL SuperCrew -- 03-10-2010
Ford F-150 XL SuperCrew -- 03-10-2010

It also ranks fourteenth in corn production.

Kentucky is famous for many unique natural and cultural features. It is often called the "Bluegrass State." This name comes from Kentucky bluegrass, a species introduced by European settlers. This grass supports the state's famous thoroughbred horse industry.

KL Spring Running
KL Spring Running

The state also contains the world's longest known cave system. This is located within Mammoth Cave National Park.

Half Moon, Kentucky
Half Moon, Kentucky

Kentucky also features the nation's two largest artificial lakes east of the Mississippi River.

Wolf Creek Dam and Lake Cumberland, KY
Wolf Creek Dam and Lake Cumberland, KY

Cultural icons include bourbon, bluegrass music, and college basketball. You can also find the famous Louisville Slugger baseball bats and Kentucky Fried Chicken.

LincolnBirthplaceJBM82908
LincolnBirthplaceJBM82908

Many different elements connect to the identity of Kentucky. The state's geography, including its many waterways, connects it to the rest of the country. It has the greatest length of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States. This makes it a significant place for transport and industry. From the history of its indigenous peoples to its modern manufacturing, Kentucky is a complex and layered state. Its transition from a colonial territory to a diverse industrial and agricultural leader shows how much a region can change over time.

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🖼️ Images & Media (32)
File:Kentucky Statehood 150th Anniversary, 3c, 1942 issue.jpg
Kentucky Statehood 150th Anniversary, 3c,...
File:LincolnBirthplaceJBM82908.jpg
LincolnBirthplaceJBM82908.jpg
File:Map of Kentucky NA (cropped).png
Map of Kentucky NA (cropped).png
File:KYphysiography.svg
KYphysiography.svg
File:Köppen Climate Types Kentucky.png
Köppen Climate Types Kentucky.png
File:Wolf Creek Dam and Lake Cumberland, KY.jpg
Wolf Creek Dam and Lake Cumberland, KY.jpg
File:WaterfrontPkDwnt.jpg
WaterfrontPkDwnt.jpg
File:Half Moon, Kentucky.JPG
Half Moon, Kentucky.JPG
File:Otter Creek Park 2.jpg
Otter Creek Park 2.jpg
File:Kentucky population density 2020.png
Kentucky population density 2020.png
File:Ethnic Origins in Kentucky.png
Ethnic Origins in Kentucky.png
File:Kentucky Counties by race (2020 census).svg
Kentucky Counties by race (2020 census).svg

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