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Johann Carolus

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Johann Carolus was a German publisher who changed how people received information.

Johannes Carolus
Johannes Carolus

He is credited with creating the first newspaper. This publication was titled *Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien*. It was printed in the city of Strasbourg. At that time, Strasbourg was a free imperial city within the Holy Roman Empire. The city was largely German-speaking. His work represents a major shift in how news reached the public.

Relation Aller Fuernemmen und gedenckwuerdigen Historien (1609) (cropped)
Relation Aller Fuernemmen und gedenckwuerdigen Historien (1609) (cropped)

To understand why his work was special, we must look at how a newspaper functions. A newspaper is defined by several specific criteria. First, it must have publicity, meaning it is meant for the public to read. Second, it must show seriality, which means it is part of a continuous series. Third, it requires periodicity. This means the news is published at regular, set intervals. Finally, it needs currency, or actuality. This means the information must be current and new. By meeting these standards, the *Relation* allowed readers to keep abreast of incoming news.

Relation Aller Fuernemmen und gedenckwuerdigen Historien (1609) (cropped)
Relation Aller Fuernemmen und gedenckwuerdigen Historien (1609) (cropped)

Carolus did not become a publisher overnight. He built his skills through many different jobs. He was born in 1575 in Muhlbach-sur-Munster. His father was a priest. Carolus first completed an apprenticeship as a bookbinder. He later worked as a bookseller and a printshop owner. He also worked as a scribe. A scribe is a person who writes out documents by hand. This specific job was very important for his future success.

Johannes Carolus
Johannes Carolus

His time as a scribe helped him build a vital network of contacts. Because he wrote things down, he met many people who traveled. He developed good relationships with postmen and traders. These people moved between different places frequently. They could bring news of events to him. Using these connections, Carolus began publishing the *Relation* in 1605. This date was discovered later through research.

Relation Aller Fuernemmen und gedenckwuerdigen Historien (1609) (cropped)
Relation Aller Fuernemmen und gedenckwuerdigen Historien (1609) (cropped)

For a long time, people thought the *Relation* began in 1609. However, evidence found in the 1980s changed this timeline. Researchers found a Carolus petition in the Strasbourg Municipal Archive. This document is often called the "birth certificate" of the newspaper. It proved that printing actually began in 1605. This discovery was accepted by the World Association of Newspapers in 2005. This helped clarify the true history of the first periodical.

Relation Aller Fuernemmen und gedenckwuerdigen Historien (1609) (cropped)
Relation Aller Fuernemmen und gedenckwuerdigen Historien (1609) (cropped)

Despite this recognition, some historians disagree on the definition of a newspaper. An English historian named Stanley Morison held a different view. He argued that the *Relation* should be classified as a newsbook instead. He based this on the physical format of the publication. The *Relation* was printed in a quarto size. It also used a single wide column for its text. Morison believed these were the conventions of a book, not a newspaper.

Johannes Carolus
Johannes Carolus

If we use Morison's strict definition, the timeline of newspapers changes. Under his rules, the first newspaper would be the *Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c.* from 1618. By that same standard, no German, English, French, or Italian weekly or daily news from the early 1600s would count. However, the World Association of Newspapers does not use Morison's definition. They continue to recognize Carolus and his work as the beginning of the newspaper era. His legacy lives on through the many periodicals that followed him, such as the *Avisa Relation oder Zeitung*.

Relation Aller Fuernemmen und gedenckwuerdigen Historien (1609) (cropped)
Relation Aller Fuernemmen und gedenckwuerdigen Historien (1609) (cropped)
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Relation Aller Fuernemmen und...
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