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News media

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The news media, also known as the news industry, consists of various mass media forms designed to deliver information to the general public. These sources include news agencies, newspapers, news magazines, and television channels. In a technical sense, a "medium" is a carrier of something, such as information, art, or physical objects. Media can provide the transmission of information, the storage of it, or both. The term "press" is often used as a collective name for media vehicles that perform journalism. This distinguishes them from media used solely for pure propaganda or entertainment.

Newark-prudential-terrorist-threat-media-2004
Newark-prudential-terrorist-threat-media-2004

Creating a news story follows a structured professional process. First, reporters gather information by taking notes or recording photographs and videos. This can happen in person or through information submitted by citizens. In the second phase, journalists organize this material to identify a "peg," which is the specific focus or emphasis of the story. They then write a draft of the story. Next, news editors or sub-editors review the work from a news desk. They may decide on a headline or rewrite parts of the text to change the style or tone. Finally, the stories are laid out on trial pages called "dummies" before being sent for publishing. The writer receives a "byline," which is their name printed alongside the article.

CBC journalists in Montreal
CBC journalists in Montreal

Printing technology transformed how news reaches people. Before 1440, news was shared through handwritten newsletters among merchants in Renaissance Europe. These were rare and no two were exactly alike. Everything changed when Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press. Using movable type and ink, newspapers could finally be mass-produced cheaply. The first printed news appeared in German pamphlets during the late 1400s. These early pamphlets were often highly sensationalized. The first English newspaper, titled The Weekly News, was published in London in 1621.

Helsingin-Sanomat-1965
Helsingin-Sanomat-1965

In the United States, the history of the press involves significant legal battles. In 1690, Richard Pierce and Benjamin Harris published the first American newspaper in Boston, but it was immediately suppressed by the government. Later, in 1735, John Peter Zenger was accused of seditious libel by the Governor of New York. His attorney, Andrew Hamilton, helped him win the case. Hamilton argued that newspapers should be free to criticize the government if the information is true. This movement eventually led to the First Amendment of the Bill of Rights in 1791, which guaranteed freedom of the press.

Jack Breibart and Bill German
Jack Breibart and Bill German

During the 1830s, the industry shifted toward commercial success. The New York Sun, starting in 1833, helped move newspapers toward reportage. New technology made printing cheaper, leading to the rise of "penny papers." These were inexpensive enough to reach a much larger audience. Instead of focusing only on politics, penny papers often featured entertaining news about adventure or crime. By the end of the 19th century, newspapers began using banner headlines, illustrations, and "funny pages." They also expanded their coverage to include organized sporting events.

Newspapers-20101122
Newspapers-20101122

Broadcasting introduced new ways to reach the public through audio and video signals. In the early 1920s, radios became accessible to large audiences. This allowed millions of people to listen to breaking news simultaneously. When television arrived, the Communications Act of 1934 was established in the United States. This act declared that the airways are public property. It required commercial broadcasters to be licensed and to serve the "public interest, convenience, and necessity." Television news grew rapidly, and by 1990, more than half of American homes had cable systems.

Couverture-3-magazine-2512
Couverture-3-magazine-2512

Modern journalism involves many different formats and specialized roles. In television, news anchors or newscasters interpret news received from correspondents. They may use short formats like an AVO, which is an Anchor Voice Over lasting 30 to 40 seconds. They also use more complex formats like the Pkg, which includes an anchor intro, a voice over, and a sign off. News magazines, such as TIME, provide more in-depth context than daily newspapers. Today, the Internet has created online journalism. This allows a single reporter to prepare a story for print, online, and camera all at once.

Jack Breibart and Bill German
Jack Breibart and Bill German
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🖼️ Images & Media (6)
File:Newark-prudential-terrorist-threat-media-2004.jpg
Newark-prudential-terrorist-threat-media-2004.jpg
File:CBC journalists in Montreal.jpg
CBC journalists in Montreal.jpg
File:Helsingin-Sanomat-1965.jpg
Helsingin-Sanomat-1965.jpg
File:Jack Breibart and Bill German.jpg
Jack Breibart and Bill German.jpg
File:Couverture-3-magazine-2512.JPG
Couverture-3-magazine-2512.JPG
File:Newspapers-20101122.jpg
Newspapers-20101122.jpg
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