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Jellyfish as food

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Edible jellyfish is a unique type of seafood harvested from the ocean. It is consumed primarily in several East and Southeast Asian countries. In nations like China, Korea, Vietnam, and Japan, it is often considered a delicacy. This means it is a highly valued and prized food item.

Jellyfish sesame oil and chili sauce
Jellyfish sesame oil and chili sauce

While it does not have a strong flavor, it is loved for its specific texture. Many people enjoy the way it feels in the mouth during a meal. It is often used as an ingredient in various dishes rather than a main course alone.

Because jellyfish deteriorate rapidly at room temperature, processing must begin immediately after they are caught. The first step involves removing the tentacles, as the upper dome area is the part typically used for cooking.

Jellyfish+processingVOA
Jellyfish+processingVOA

Workers separate the bell from the dangling oral arms. Both parts are washed in seawater before being scraped to remove the mucus and the gonads. To achieve a dried product, traditional dehydration involves sprinkling the jellyfish with table salt and alum. The alum reduces the pH level and helps firm the texture. Meanwhile, the salt removes water and prevents microbial deterioration. In Malaysia and Thailand, workers add sodium bicarbonate to increase crispness and facilitate dehydration. This entire preservation process can take between 19 and 37 days. The final product contains about 65% moisture and 20% salt.

There are many different species of jellyfish suitable for human consumption. In China, species from the Rhizostomeae order have been used for over 1,700 years. These have been utilized as food and as an aphrodisiac.

Rhopilema esculentum at Monterey Bay Aquarium
Rhopilema esculentum at Monterey Bay Aquarium

Common species consumed in China, Japan, and Korea include Rhopilema esculentum and Rhopilema hispidum. Other edible species include the cannonball jellyfish, known as Stomolophus meleagris, and jelly blubber, or Catostylus mosaicus. Other varieties include Aurelia aurita, Chrysaora pacifica, and the large Nomura's jellyfish, or Nemopilema nomurai. It is important to note that live cannonball jellyfish contain toxins that can cause cardiac problems. Therefore, careful cleaning and cooking are necessary for safety.

Production of edible jellyfish involves several major global players. In 2001, the annual global harvest was estimated at a significant scale. Prominent production countries include Myanmar, China, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand. In China, producers often rear jellyfish larvae in ponds. These larvae are then released as juveniles into the sea to grow and mature. In Southeast Asia, the fishing season is relatively short, lasting only two to four months. Fishermen use various tools to catch them, such as drift nets, scoop nets, set nets, hand nets, hooks, and beach seines. In 2001, the estimated annual catch in Southeast Asia was approximately 12,000 tons in net weight.

Trade and importation play a massive role in the jellyfish industry. In 2001, Japan was a major consumer of these marine animals. It was reported that Japan annually imported between 5,400 and 10,000 tons of edible jellyfish. These imports came from several neighboring countries. These included Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. This high volume of trade shows how much these nations rely on jellyfish for their culinary traditions. The jellyfish is a vital part of the regional seafood economy.

Culinary applications for jellyfish are incredibly diverse and creative. One popular dish is jellyfish salad, which uses thinly sliced, cold marinated jellyfish. Some Chinese restaurants, such as Din Tai Fung, serve this as part of their meals. In Japan, jellyfish is used in sushi. Thailand features a crunchy style of noodle made with jellyfish. Even more unusual is a vanilla and jellyfish ice cream produced by the Japanese company Tango Jersey Dairy. This dessert uses cubes of diced Nomura's jellyfish, called Echizen kurage in Japanese, which are soaked in milk. The texture is described as slightly chewy. In Sarawak, Malaysia, the Melanau people prepare a traditional delicacy called Umai, which uses raw fresh jellyfish in a salad.

Jellyfish also connects to broader scientific and social topics. Nutritionally, desalted jellyfish are very low in calories and contain almost no fat. They consist of about 5% protein and 95% water. In some Asian areas, the food is associated with easing bone and muscle pain. The subject also intersects with environmental events and education. Following a large bloom of Nomura's jellyfish in Japan in 2009, students in Obama, Fukui, took action. They designed a powder called Nomurao Jellyfish to be used in caramel sweets. This was part of a food safety management system designed by NASA for the school. This shows how even a jellyfish bloom can lead to new ways of thinking about food science.

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File:Jellyfish+processingVOA.jpg
Jellyfish+processingVOA.jpg
File:Jellyfish sesame oil and chili sauce.jpg
Jellyfish sesame oil and chili sauce.jpg
File:Rhopilema esculentum at Monterey Bay Aquarium.jpg
Rhopilema esculentum at Monterey Bay Aquarium.jpg
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