JAXA

JAXA is the national agency for space and aeronautics in Japan. It manages research, technology development, and the launch of satellites into orbit. The agency also leads advanced missions, such as exploring asteroids and planning for human Moon exploration. On 1 October 2003, JAXA was formed through the merger of three independent organizations. These were the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), the National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan (NAL), and the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA). This merger helped streamline Japan's space program under a single identity.

Before the merger, each organization had a specific focus. ISAS was responsible for planetary and space research. It was particularly successful in X-ray astronomy during the 1980s and 1990s. NAL focused on aviation research. NASDA, founded on 1 October 1969, focused on communication satellites and Earth climate observation. NASDA also developed rockets and built the Japanese Experiment Module for the International Space Station.

JAXA uses various rocket systems to carry payloads into space. For many years, the H-IIA served as a medium-lift launch vehicle. It was an improved version of the older H-II rocket. The H-IIA was highly reliable, completing 48 of its 49 successful launches before being retired on 28 June 2025. To replace this series, JAXA developed the H3 rocket. The H3 uses a completely new design to increase launch capability while lowering costs. It utilizes an expander bleed cycle for its first-stage engine, which is a first for the world.

For smaller needs, JAXA employs different technologies. The Epsilon is a solid-fueled rocket used for smaller missions. JAXA also operates the SS-520 series, which includes the SS-520-5. This is the world's smallest orbital launcher. In 2018, this rocket successfully placed a four-kilogram CubeSat into Earth orbit. These different rocket types allow JAXA to choose the right tool for the specific weight and destination of a mission.

JAXA has achieved historic milestones in deep space exploration. In 2003, the Hayabusa mission launched to visit the asteroid 25143 Itokawa. Hayabusa was the first spacecraft to return asteroid samples to Earth, arriving on 13 June 2010. It was also the first spacecraft to complete a round trip to a celestial body farther than the Moon. Another major success was the Hayabusa2 mission, which returned samples from the asteroid 162173 Ryugu in 2020.

Lunar exploration is another major part of JAXA's work. In 2007, the Kaguya mission, also known as SELENE, entered lunar orbit to study the Moon's origin. More recently, JAXA launched the SLIM lander in 2023. SLIM achieved a "pinpoint landing" on 19 January 2024. It landed just 55 meters from its target, which was closer than any previous spacecraft. Despite some challenges with solar power and orientation, SLIM successfully survived the harsh lunar night.

JAXA's work connects to many global scientific efforts. The agency provides the Kibo module, the largest module on the International Space Station. JAXA also uses the H-II Transfer Vehicle to resupply Kibo with essential cargo. Over the years, JAXA's role has evolved through new laws. In 2008, the Basic Space Law was passed. This moved JAXA's authority to the Strategic Headquarters for Space Development. In 2012, its remit was expanded to include some military space development, such as missile early warning systems.