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Identity (social science)

society Maturity 11-13 Next article →

Identity is the set of qualities that make a person or a group unique. It includes your beliefs, your personality, and even how you look. These traits help you understand who you are. They also act like a compass to guide your behavior. This helps you set goals and move toward the future. Identity can include your religion, your job, or your nationality.

Identity works in many different ways for a person. It can be an active process that helps you adapt to life. Some parts of identity come from things you cannot change. For example, you cannot choose your family background or your ethnicity. Other parts change based on the situation you are in. Sociologists look at how groups define us through our roles. This is called collective identity.

Many thinkers have studied how identity grows over time. Erik Erikson was one of the first to study it deeply. He lived from 1902 to 1994. He believed that identity is an ongoing process throughout your life. He said people often face a big conflict during their teenage years. This is when the inner world meets the outer social world. He called this the ego identity.

Other researchers added new ideas to these studies. In 1966, James Marcia created a new model. He focused on two main things: exploration and commitment. He found four different ways people handle their identity. Identity achievement happens when you explore and then make a choice. Identity diffusion is when a person avoids both exploring and choosing. There is also identity moratorium and identity foreclosure.

Identity also helps us feel like we belong to a community. Being part of an "in-group" can give people a sense of pride. However, people sometimes treat those in "out-groups" differently. This is a major topic in social identity theory. People might change how they act depending on their social setting. Some people even use different strategies to fit into the world. They might be a "searcher" or a "guardian" as they grow.

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