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Ibn al-Farid

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Ibn al-Farid was a celebrated Arab poet and a Sufi waliullah, which means a saint.

Ibn al-Farid by Khalil Gibran
Ibn al-Farid by Khalil Gibran

He was born in Cairo on March 22, 1181. His parents came from Hama in modern-day Syria. His father was a respected scholar in the legal field. Some sources say he was a farid, an advocate for women. Other sources say he worked with furūḍ, which is the allocation of inheritance shares. Because of this, Ibn al-Farid's name means "son of the obligator." His father provided him with a strong foundation in belles lettres, or fine literature. This early education helped him become a master of language.

His spiritual path began with a significant encounter in Cairo. As a young man, he went on spiritual retreats to oases. He specifically visited the Oasis of the Wretches, known as Wadi al-Mustad'afin. He eventually left these wanderings to study law at a madrasa. While there, he saw a greengrocer performing Muslim ablutions, which are ritual washings. The man was performing the steps out of the prescribed order. When Ibn al-Farid tried to correct him, the man made a startling claim. He told Ibn al-Farid that enlightenment would only come in the Hijaz, in Mecca. The man then gave him a vision of the city. This experience convinced Ibn al-Farid to travel to Mecca immediately.

Ibn al-Farid stayed in Mecca for fifteen years. He described his experience of enlightenment as coming in waves. Eventually, he returned to Cairo after hearing the same greengrocer call him back. The man was on his deathbed when Ibn al-Farid arrived. Upon his return to Egypt, he was treated as a saint. He held teaching sessions for various leaders, including judges and viziers. People would crowd around him to seek barakah, or spiritual blessings. He was a scholar of Muslim law and the hadith. The hadith are the traditions regarding the life of Muhammad. He also taught poetry to many students.

He was unique among the great poets of his era. Many poets, such as Ibn Sana al-Mulk, accepted patronage from the government. This patronage often required poets to write propaganda for wealthy figures. Ibn al-Farid refused such offers to keep his poetry pure. He preferred the humble life of a teacher. Even the Ayyubid sultan, al-Malik al-Kamil, could not change his mind. The sultan offered him an exorbitant amount of money and a shrine. Ibn al-Farid declined both, choosing to trust in God for his needs. He worked at the Al-Azhar Mosque to support his three children.

In his later years, he experienced spiritual raptures called jadhabat. These states are a common occurrence within Sufism. During these moments, his son, Kamal al-Din Muhammad, noted changes in his appearance. His face would become more bright and beautiful. He would sometimes engage in intense physical movements like jumping and dancing. This could result in heavy sweating that collected on the ground. He also practiced forty-day fasts without eating, drinking, or sleeping. During one ecstasy, he danced in a market bazaar. This caused a large commotion among the people nearby.

His spiritual experiences often involved visions and trances. He claimed to see a lion ask him to ride it. He also described a man floating down a mountain without feet. He wrote of a great green bird at a funeral. His son noted that these trances could last ten consecutive days. During these times, he would not eat, drink, or speak. He would move between standing, sitting, and lying on his side. When the trance ended, he would dictate the verses God had given him. These poems were entirely Sufic in their themes and focus.

Ibn al-Farid's legacy continues through his beautiful verse. He is often called "sultan al-ashiqin," meaning the sultan of lovers. His poetry was admired across Arabic and Persian speaking regions. The Persian poet Jami even wrote a commentary on his work. Sa'id al-Din Farghani also authored a Persian commentary. Today, people still gather at his tomb every Friday. They listen to the reading of his poems in Cairo. A special celebration called a moulid is also held in his honor. This event includes a procession through the "City of the Dead." It ends with two days of meditation, prayer, and dancing.

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