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Amir Khusrau

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Amir Khusrau was a legendary Indo-Persian poet, musician, and scholar.

An illustrated manuscript of one of Amir Khusrau's poems 1
An illustrated manuscript of one of Amir Khusrau's poems 1

He lived during the Delhi Sultanate period in the Indian subcontinent. Many people call him the "Parrot of India" or "Tuti-e-Hind." This title compares his eloquent speech to a sweet-talking parrot. He was a master of the Persian language. However, he also wrote in Hindavi and Punjabi. His work remains a vital part of cultural history. He is often called the "father of qawwali." Qawwali is a devotional form of Sufi singing.

Khusrau was an incredibly skilled poet with deep technical knowledge. He used 11 different metrical schemes. These schemes included 35 distinct divisions to create rhythm. He mastered many verse forms. These included the ghazal, which is a style of song. He also wrote masnavis, which are long narrative poems. Other forms included the qata, rubai, do-baiti, and tarkib-band. He even created a vocabulary in verse called the Ḳhāliq Bārī. This book combined Arabic, Persian, and Hindavi terms. His ability to blend these languages helped shape local literature.

His family history explains his unique cultural background. Khusrau was born in 1253 in Patiyali, India. His father, Amir Saif ud-Din Mahmud, was a Turkic officer. His father belonged to the Hazāra-yi Lāchīn clan from Transoxiana. Many families fled that region due to the invasions of Genghis Khan. They traveled through Balkh to find safety in Delhi. Sultan Shams al-Din Iltutmish welcomed these refugees to his court. Khusrau's mother, Bibi Daulat Naz, was the daughter of an Indian noble. This heritage allowed Khusrau to grow up with many different languages.

Khusrau's career involved serving many powerful rulers in the Delhi Sultanate. He began writing poetry at the age of nine. In 1271, he compiled his first divan, Tuhfat us-Sighr. This collection contained poems from his teenage years. He later served Sultan Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji. The Sultan gave him the title "Amir" and the job of "Mushaf-dar."

"A King Offers to Make Amends to a Bereaved Mother", Folio from a Khamsa (Quintet) of Amir Khusrau Dihlavi
"A King Offers to Make Amends to a Bereaved Mother", Folio from a Khamsa (Quintet) of Amir Khusrau Dihlavi

Khusrau wrote many works to honor these rulers. For example, he wrote Miftah ul-Futuh to praise the Sultan's victories. He also wrote Khaza'in ul-Futuh to record administrative services and wars.

One of his greatest achievements was his khamsa, or quintet. A khamsa is a set of five long masnavis.

"Alexander is Lowered Into the Sea"
"Alexander is Lowered Into the Sea"

He modeled this after the poet Nizami Ganjavi. His khamsa included works like the romance Laila-Majnun. He also wrote Ayina-i Iskandari, which tells of Alexander the Great. This specific poem used 4,500 verses. Another part, Hasht-Bihisht, was based on legends of the Sasanian king Bahram V.

Hasht-Bihisht Amir Khusro Met 1
Hasht-Bihisht Amir Khusro Met 1

These massive works established him as a leading literary figure.

Khusrau was also a deeply spiritual man and a mystic. In 1310, he became a disciple of the Sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya. This connection to the Chishti Order shaped his later life. He wrote prose works like Afzal ul-Fawaid to share the teachings of his master. Even in times of personal sadness, he turned to poetry. In 1300, his mother and brother both died in a single week. He wrote moving lines to honor their memory. He described them as two full moons that had set.

Khusrau's love for India is seen in his famous verses. He is often linked to a poem about paradise on earth. The verse says, "If there is a paradise on earth, it is this." This poem is famously associated with the Shalimar Garden in Kashmir.

Basawan - Alexander Visits the Sage Plato
Basawan - Alexander Visits the Sage Plato

Khusrau died in October 1325. This was six months after his teacher, Nizamuddin Auliya, passed away. He was buried in Delhi. His tomb sits next to his spiritual master in the Nizamuddin Dargah.

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🖼️ Images & Media (6)
File:Basawan - Alexander Visits the Sage Plato.jpg
Basawan - Alexander Visits the Sage Plato.jpg
File:"Alexander is Lowered Into the Sea".jpg
"Alexander is Lowered Into the Sea".jpg
File:Khizr Khan and Devaldi enthroned. Duval Rani Khizr Khan of Amir Khusrau Dihvali. Scribe, Sultan Bayazid ibn Nizam Mughal, dated A.H. 976 (1568) National Museum, New Delhi (L53.217).jpg
Khizr Khan and Devaldi enthroned. Duval...
File:An illustrated manuscript of one of Amir Khusrau's poems 1.jpg
An illustrated manuscript of one of Amir...
File:Hasht-Bihisht Amir Khusro Met 1.jpg
Hasht-Bihisht Amir Khusro Met 1.jpg
File:"A King Offers to Make Amends to a Bereaved Mother", Folio from a Khamsa (Quintet) of Amir Khusrau Dihlavi.jpg
"A King Offers to Make Amends to a...
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