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Shadhili

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The Shadhili order is a Sufi tariqah, which is a specific path of spiritual practice within Islam. A tariqah serves as a structured way for followers to seek spiritual closeness to God. Today, this order is followed by millions of people across the globe. It has historically held great importance in the Maghreb and Egypt. These regions have seen many intellectual contributions stemming from the Shadhili tradition. Many followers are referred to as murids, which means "seekers." A single follower is known as a Shadhili.

humaithara on urus
humaithara on urus

The order was founded by Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili during the 13th century. To maintain legitimacy, every tariqah must possess a chain of transmission. This chain, or silsila, provides authorization by linking current teachers to the past. Most of these chains begin with Ali ibn Abi Talib. From him, the paths often split into two branches through his sons, Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali. The Shadhili chain includes many specific names, such as Abd al-Salam ibn Mashish al-Alami al-Shadhili. This long lineage ensures that the teachings are passed down through an unbroken sequence of spiritual guides.

humaithara on urus
humaithara on urus

Literature is a major part of the Shadhili legacy. Many thinkers within the order have made significant intellectual contributions. For example, ibn Ata Allah al-Iskandari wrote the Hikam, a well-known work. Ahmad Zarruq also wrote numerous commentaries and scholarly works. Another notable figure is Ahmad ibn Ajiba, who produced many commentaries as well. Beyond prose, the order has a rich tradition of poetry. Writers like Muhammad al-Jazuli authored the Dala'il al-Khayrat. Al-Busiri wrote the famous Al-Burda, which translates to "The Celestial Lights in Praise of the Best of Creation."

humaithara on urus
humaithara on urus

The Shadhili order has expanded into many distinct branches. One prominent group is the Fassiyatush, established by Imam Fassi. This branch is widely practiced in India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Mauritius, and Indonesia. The international leader of the Fassiyatush is chosen from the heirs of al-Fassi. Another branch is the Darqawiyya, founded in the late 18th century by Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi. This Moroccan branch has seen its letters translated by scholars like Titus Burckhardt and Aisha Abdurrahman Bewley. The Alawi branch, originating in Algeria, has spread to Syria, Jordan, and France.

humaithara on urus
humaithara on urus

Other specialized branches have emerged in different parts of the world. The 'Attasiyah Order was founded by Umar bin Abdur Rahman bin Aqil al-Attas. It is centered in Yemen but also has presence in Myanmar, India, and Pakistan. The Darqawi-Alawi branch established itself in the Levant through Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani. In the United States, the Badawiyya branch has a presence through the work of Nooruddeen Durkee. There is also the Maryamiyya Order. This was founded by the Swiss-German metaphysician Frithjof Schuon as an outgrowth of the Alawiyya order.

humaithara on urus
humaithara on urus

The order's influence reaches into various academic and religious spheres. Many head lecturers at al-Azhar University in Cairo have been followers of this tariqa. Scholars also study the order's connections to other traditions. Miguel Asín Palacios suggested that Shadhili teachings might connect to the Christian mystic John of the Cross. He noted similarities in accounts like the Dark Night of the Soul. However, the scholar José Nieto offers a different view. He argues that these mystical doctrines are general. He believes the similarities reflect independent development rather than direct influence.

humaithara on urus
humaithara on urus

Followers also maintain specific traditions and holy sites. The anniversary of al-Shadhili is observed on the 12th of Shawwal. This date follows the tenth month of the lunar calendar. The commemoration takes place at Humaithara in Egypt. This location remains a significant site for the community. Through its many branches and scholars, the Shadhili order continues to shape spiritual life across many continents and cultures.

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