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Baba Farid

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Farīduddīn Masūd Ganjshakar, known widely as Bābā Farīd, was a prominent 12th and 13th-century Punjabi Muslim mystic, poet, and preacher. He lived during the Islamic Golden Age and is recognized as a founding father of the Chishti Sufi order. This Sufi order is a specific tradition of Islamic mysticism.

Detail of Sheikh Farid (Baba Farid) from a mural at Gurdwara Baba Atal in Amritsar
Detail of Sheikh Farid (Baba Farid) from a mural at Gurdwara Baba Atal in Amritsar

His influence was so broad that he is revered by Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs alike. This makes him a unique figure in the history of South Asian spirituality. He is remembered not just for his religious teachings, but also for his massive impact on regional literature.

Farīd's life was defined by a sequence of education and spiritual succession. He was born in 1188 in Kothewal, near Multan, in the Punjab region. His family had moved to the Indus Valley from Kabul, in modern-day Afghanistan. He began his studies in Multan, which was a major center for Muslim education at the time. During this period, he met his teacher, Khwaja Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki. After completing his early education, Farīd moved to Delhi to study Islamic doctrine under Kaki. Following the death of his master in 1235, Farīd became his spiritual successor. He eventually moved from Hansi, Haryana, back to his native Punjab, settling in Ajodhan, which is now Pakpattan, Pakistan.

One of Farīd's most lasting legacies is his role in the development of Punjabi literature. Before his time, languages like Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Sanskrit were used by the elite for formal writing. Punjabi was generally viewed as a less refined folk language used for everyday speech. Farīd changed this by composing his poetry in his native Multani dialect of Punjabi. This helped establish Punjabi as a legitimate language for literature. His work was so significant that the English translation of his poetry received the Sahitya Akademi Golden Jubilee award in 2007.

Historical Guru Granth Sahib manuscript showcasing crisp calligraphy and vowel sounds of verses attributed to Sheikh Fareed on page 488
Historical Guru Granth Sahib manuscript showcasing crisp calligraphy and vowel sounds of verses attributed to Sheikh Fareed on page 488

Today, the shrine of Bābā Farīd in Pakpattan serves as a major site for pilgrims. The white marble shrine features two distinct entrances. The first is the Nūrī Darwāza, or "Gate of Light," which faces east. The second is the Bahishtī Darwāza, or "Gate of Paradise," which faces north. This silver gate, decorated with gold leaf, is padlocked for most of the year. It is only opened for five days during the annual Urs festival, which commemorates his death anniversary.

Darbar Hazrat Baba Farid ud Deen Ganj Shakar Rahmatullah Alaih - panoramio
Darbar Hazrat Baba Farid ud Deen Ganj Shakar Rahmatullah Alaih - panoramio

During the Urs, which occurs in the first Islamic month of Muharram, hundreds of thousands of people visit. Some followers believe that crossing through this gate washes away their sins.

Visitors to the shrine engage in several specific traditions and practices. Many people bring flowers or colorful sheets of cloth called chaddars to cover the graves. Inside the tomb, there are two white marble graves: one for Bābā Farīd and one for his elder son. The space is quite small, allowing only about ten people inside at once. A significant tradition at the shrine is the distribution of Langar, which is charity food. Farīd is credited with introducing the institution of Langar to the Punjab region. This practice allows people of different faiths to receive free food and drink.

Farīd's connection to other faiths and distant lands is also well-documented. In Sikhism, his poetry holds a very high status. The Guru Granth Sahib, the most sacred Sikh scripture, includes 123 or 134 of his hymns. The fifth Sikh guru, Guru Arjan Dev Ji, included these verses in the Adi Granth. Because of this, Sikhs honor him as one of the 15 important Bhagats. Furthermore, there is a claim that Farīd lived in Jerusalem around the year 1200. In that city, there is an Indian hospice, or Al-Hindi Serai, which serves as a pilgrim lodge for those from the Indian subcontinent.

Indian hospice, Jerusalem (21)
Indian hospice, Jerusalem (21)

His name and influence are woven into the geography of the region. The city of Faridkot and the Faridpur District in Bangladesh are both named after him. In Pakistan, the town of Pakpattan was renamed in his honor, meaning "Holy Ferry." Even in India, various locations like the Chilla in Rajasthan or sites in Maharashtra are linked to him. His life was not without tragedy, as a bomb explosion outside his shrine in 2010 killed six people. Despite such events, the site remains a place where thousands visit daily to seek help with their problems and offer charity.

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🖼️ Images & Media (4)
File:Darbar Hazrat Baba Farid ud Deen Ganj Shakar Rahmatullah Alaih - panoramio.jpg
Darbar Hazrat Baba Farid ud Deen Ganj...
File:Detail of Sheikh Farid (Baba Farid) from a mural at Gurdwara Baba Atal in Amritsar.jpg
Detail of Sheikh Farid (Baba Farid) from...
File:Indian hospice, Jerusalem (21).jpg
Indian hospice, Jerusalem (21).jpg
File:Historical Guru Granth Sahib manuscript showcasing crisp calligraphy and vowel sounds of verses attributed to Sheikh Fareed on page 488.jpg
Historical Guru Granth Sahib manuscript...
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